Which of the following best explains the continuity in the trade routes between East Africa the Arabian?

ABU-LUGHOD, J., Before European hegemony. The World System A.D. 1250-1350, New York, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1989.

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ALLEN, J. DE V., Swahili Origins: Swahili Culture & the Shungwaya Phenomenon, London, James Currey Publishers, Nairobi, E.A.E.P., Athens, Ohio University Press, 1993.

BEAUJARD, P., « East Africa, the Comoros islands and Madagascar before the Sixteenth Century: On a neglected part of the world-system », Azania, XLII, « The Indian Ocean as a cultural community », 2007, p. 15-35.

BEAUJARD, P., Les mondes de l’océan Indien. Vol. 1 : De la formation de l’État au premier système-monde afro-eurasien (IVe millénaire av. J.-C.-VIe siècle apr. J.-C.). Vol. 2 : L’océan Indien au cœur des globalisations de l’Ancien Monde, Paris, Armand Colin, 2012.

BLENCH, R., « New evidence for the Austronesian impact on the East African coast », in C. ANDERSON, J. BARRETT, K. BOYLE (ed.), The Global Origins and Development of Seafaring (Proceedings of the Conference held in Cambridge, 19th-21st september 2007), Cambridge, McDonald Institute Monographs, 2010, p. 239-248.

BOIVIN, N., CROWTHER, A., HELM, R., FULLER, D.Q., « East Africa and Madagascar in the Indian Ocean world », Journal of World Prehistory, 26, 2013, p. 213-281.

BOUSSAC, M.-Fr., SALLES, J.-Fr., YON, J.-B. (ed.), Autour du Périple de la mer Érythrée, Topoi. Orient-Occident, Supplément 11, Lyon, 2012.

CASSON, L., Periplus Maris Erythreai, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1989.

CHAUDHURI, K.N., Trade and Civilization in the Indian Ocean. An Economic History from the Rise of islam to 1750, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1985.

DEWAR, R.E., RADIMILAHY, C., WRIGHT, H.T., JACOBS, Z., KELLY, G.O., BERNA, F., « Stone tools and foraging in Northern Madagascar challenge Holocen extinction models », Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 110 (31), 2013, p. 12583-12588.

FLEISHER, J.B., Viewing Stonetowns from the Countryside: An Archaeological Approach to Swahili Regional Systems, AD 800-1500, PhD, University of Virginia, 2003.

FLEISHER, J.B., WYNNE-JONES, S., « Ceramics and the Early Swahili: Deconstructing the Early Tana tradition », African Archaeological Review, 28, 2011, p. 245-278.

FULLER, D.Q., « African crops in Prehistoric South Asia: A critical review », in K. NEUMANN, A. BUTLER, S. KAHLHABER (ed.), Food, Fuel and Fields: Progress in African Archaeobotany, Cologne, Heinrich-Barth Institut, 2003, p. 239-271.

FULLER, D.Q., BOIVIN, N., « Crops, cattle and commensals across the Indian Ocean: Current and potential archaeobiological evidence », Études Océan Indien, 42-43, 2009, p. 13-46.

FULLER, D.Q., BOIVIN, N., HOOGERVORST, T., ALLABY, R., « Across the Indian Ocean: The Prehistoric movement of plants and animals », Antiquity, 85, 2011, p. 544-558.

GOMMERY, D., RAMANIVOSOA, B., FAURE, M., GUERIN, C., KERLOC’H, P., SENEGAS, F., RANDRIANANTENAINA, H., « Les plus anciennes traces d’activités anthropiques de Madagascar sur des ossements d’hippopotames subfossiles d’Anjohibe (province de Mahajanga) », Comptes Rendus Palevol, 10 (4), 2011, p. 271-278.

HORTON, M.C., « The Islamic conversion of the Swahili coast 750-1500: Some archaeological and historical evidence », in B. S. AMORETTI (ed.), Islam in East Africa: New Sources, Rome, Herder, 2001, p. 449-469.

HORTON, M.C., BROWN, H.W., MUDIDA, N., Shanga. The Archaeology of a Muslim Trading Community on the Coast of East Africa, London, British Institute in Eastern Africa, 1996.

HORTON, M.C., MIDDLETON, J., The Swahili. The Social Landscape of a Mercantile Society, Oxford- Malden, Blackwell Publishers, 2000.

JUMA, A.M., Unguja Ukuu on Zanzibar. An Archaeological Study of Early Urbanism, Studies in Global Archaeology 3, Uppsala, Uppsala University, 2004.

AL-MAS‘ŪDĪ, Les prairies d’or, translated by Ch.-A.-C. BARBIER DE MEYNARD and A. PAVET DE COURTEILLE, revised and corrected by Ch. PELLAT, 2 t., Paris, Société asiatique, 1962, 1965.

MIDDLETON, J., The world of the Swahili, an African mercantile civilization, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1992.

MIQUEL, A., La géographie humaine du monde musulman jusqu’au milieu du XIe siècle, t. II : Géographie arabe et représentation du monde : la terre et l’étranger, Paris/La Haye, École des hautes études en sciences sociales/Mouton, 1975.

NURSE, D., HINNEBUSCH, T.J., Swahili and Sabaki. A Linguistic History, with an addendum by Gérard Philippson, Berkeley/Los Angeles/London, University of California Press, 1993.

PIKIRAYI, I., The Zimbabwe Culture. Origins and Decline in Southern Zambezian States, Walnut Creek, Altamira Press, 2001.

POUWELS, R.L., Horn and Crescent, Cultural Change and Traditional Islam on the East African Coast, 800-1900, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1987.

RADIMILAHY, C., Mahilaka. An Archaeological Investigation of an Early Town in Northwestern Madagascar, Uppsala, Uppsala University, Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, 1998.

RAKOTOARISOA, J-A., ALLIBERT, C., Vohémar, cité-État malgache, Études océan Indien, n° 46-47, 2011.

SCHEURS, G., EVERS, S., RADIMILAHY, C., RAKOTOARISOA, J.-A., « The Rasikajy civilization in Northeast Madagascar: A pre-European Chinese community? », Études Océan Indien, « Vohémar, cité-État malgache », 46-47, 2011, p. 107-132.

SHERIFF, A., « Slave trade and slave routes of the East African coast », in B. ZIMBA, E. ALPERS, A. ISAACMAN (ed.), Slave Routes and Oral Tradition in Southeastern Africa, Maputo, Filsom Entertainment Ltd, 2005, p. 13-38.

SINCLAIR, P., EKBLOM, A., WOOD, M., « Trade and society on the South-East African coast in the Latter First Millennium AD: The case of Chibuene », Antiquity, 86, 2012, p. 723-737.

VALLET, É., L’Arabie marchande. État et commerce sous les sultans rasūlides du Yémen (626-858/1229-1454), Paris, Publications de la Sorbonne, 2010.

VERNET, T., Les cités-États swahili de l’archipel de Lamu, 1585-1810. Dynamiques endogènes, dynamiques exogènes, thèse de doctorat, Université Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne, 2005.

VERNET, T., « Slave trade and slavery on the Swahili coast (1500-1750) », in B.A. MIRRAI, I. M. MONTANA, P. LOVEJOY (ed.), Slavery, Islam and Diaspora, Trenton (NJ), Africa World Press, 2009, p. 37-76.

VERNET, T., « East African travellers and traders in the Indian Ocean: Swahili ships, Swahili mobilities ca. 1500-1800 », in M. PEARSON (ed.), Trade, Circulation and Flow in the Indian Ocean World, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2015, p. 167-202.

WOOD, M., Interconnections: Glass Beads and Trade in Southern and Eastern Africa and the Indian Ocean — 7th to 16th Centuries AD, Uppsala, Uppsala University, Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, 2011.

ZHAO, B., « Vers une expertise plus fine et une approche plus historique de la céramique chinoise de la nécropole de Vohémar », Études Océan Indien, « Vohémar, cité-État malgache », 46-47, 2011, p. 91-103.

ZHAO, B., « Global trade and Swahili cosmopolitan material culture: Chinese-Style ceramic shards from Sanje ya Kati and Songo Mnara (Kilwa, Tanzania) », Journal of World History, 23 (1), 2012, p. 41-86.