When an artist uses a pre-existing objects or image with little or no transformation applied to them this is an example of?

Appropriation in art is the use of pre-existing objects or images with little or no transformation applied to them. The use of appropriation has played a significant role in the history of the arts (literary, visual, musical and performing arts). In the visual arts, to appropriate means to properly adopt, borrow, recycle or sample aspects (or the entire form) of human-made visual culture. Notable in this respect are the Readymades of Marcel Duchamp.

Inherent in our understanding of appropriation is the concept that the new work recontextualizes whatever it borrows to create the new work. In most cases the original ‘thing’ remains accessible as the original, without change.

Definition
Appropriation has been defined as “the taking over, into a work of art, of a real object or even an existing work of art.” The Tate Gallery traces the practise back to Cubism and Dadaism, but continuing into 1940s Surrealism and 1950s Pop art. It returned to prominence in the 1980s with the Neo-Geo artists.

Characteristics
Works by Appropriation Art usually deal with the abstract characteristics of works of art and the art market itself. Through the act of appropriation they problematize fundamental categories of the art world such as authorship, originality, creativity, intellectual property, signature, market value, museum space (so-called white cube), history, gender, subject, identity and difference. She focuses on paradoxesand self-contradictions and makes them visible and aesthetically tangible.

The individual strategies of individual artists differ greatly, so that a uniform overall program is not easy to identify. Many artists assigned to Appropriation Art deny being part of a “movement”. “Appropriation Art” is therefore only a label that has been used in art criticism since the early 1980s and is quite controversial.

The techniques used are manifold. Appropriation becomes u. a. operated with painting, photography, film art, sculpture, collage, décollage, environment, happenings, fluxus and performance.

Examples
In the early 1970s, Elaine Sturtevant copied works by Robert Rauschenberg, Andy Warhol, Jasper Johns and Frank Stella, among others, with screen printing or color, ie in the original techniques. It is reported that some of the artists she copied gave her advice on technology. Andy Warhol is said to have even given him his original sieves. Sturtevant himself says that she wants to escape the compulsion to originality that weighs on every artist by exploring this category with the means of art.

Richard Pettibone has often copied Warhol and seen to him in the following ratio: “I’m a careful craftsman, he’s a slob.” Pettibone imitations were auctioned heard of Sotheby’s.

Mike Bidlo did a performance after a biographical anecdote, in which he urinated as Jackson Pollock disguised in an open fireplace. For his exhibitions, he had works of art by Andy Warhol or Constantin Brâncuşi in series. He is currently producing thousands of drawings and models of the Ready-made Fountain by Marcel Duchamp. Duchamp’s Ready-made is considered one of the most important works of art of modern times. Therefore, Bidlo’s project can be understood both as a tribute to Duchamp as well as a symbolic processing of the generational conflict.

Louise Lawler photographed works of art in the living rooms of art collectors and in museums in situ, ie with their respective surroundings. It shows in which context art is received and how it is staged in spaces.

A series of photographs by Cindy Sherman are the History Portraits, on which she is costumed and staged according to Art Old Master. She temporarily goes into the historical roles of women and men. Sherman often uses deliberately sloppy costumes and coarse make-up, so that the staging remains recognizable in the image. The History Portraits can be understood as a commentary on the history of art, in which women mostly served only as models, that is objects for the view of male painters; At the same time, they also raise questions about the historical construction of identity, femininity and masculinity (see Gender, Self-Portrait).

Sherrie Levine became famous for her appropriation of the photographs of Walker Evans, which she photographed from illustrated books and exhibited under her name under the title After Walker Evans. In 2001, Michael Mandiberg applied this action to the artist: he photographed Sherrie Levine’s copies and presented his photos under the title After Sherrie Levine. Mandiberg was not the only representative of the “second generation” of appropriationists appropriating the first generation: Yasumasa Morimura staged himself after photographs by Cindy Shermanon which she portrayed herself in various disguises and roles (movie stills). Since Sherman often slips into male roles as a woman in her pictures, but Morimura appears as a transvestite, the confusion of gender identity is even increased.

Philosophy
Philosophically, the conceptual strategies of appropriation approach deconstruction, media theory, and intertextuality. Artistic techniques such as citation, allusion, travesty, parody, and pastiche, which are generally considered to be features of postmodern art, can be found in works of Appropriation Art. Since many strategies of appropriation art are oriented towards the art system itself, one can also speak of meta-art or the self-reflexive system of the art system (see System Theory). It is one of the art movements that actively explore the conditions and limits of art and can force the art system to redefine itself.

Right
A work of Appropriation Art can also be protected in terms of copyright, even if it resembles an already existing work of another artist in every detail. The protectable creative achievement then consists in the development of the concept and the independent strategy of the copying artist. Fraud or deception are not intended by the artists. Just like the sampling or the cover versionIn music, however, Appropriation Art moves in areas where copyright is at work. However, since it can be argued that the process of copying in this case is an original, artistic process, there are rarely conflicts of a legal nature. Moreover, the value of the role model in the visual arts, unlike in media products, usually becomes tied to its material existence, which is not affected by an appropriation.

According to Austrian law, appropriation art creations are generally to be classified as free subsequent uses in accordance with § 5 (2) of the Austrian Copyright Act, or at least a justification of the freedom of art and expression is possible.

History
In the early twentieth century Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque appropriated objects from a non-art context into their work. In 1912, Picasso pasted a piece of oil cloth onto the canvas. Subsequent compositions, such as Guitar, Newspaper, Glass and Bottle (1913) in which Picasso used newspaper clippings to create forms, became categorized as synthetic cubism. The two artists incorporated aspects of the “real world” into their canvases, opening up discussion of signification and artistic representation.

Marcel Duchamp is credited with introducing the concept of the ready-made, in which “industrially produced utilitarian objects…achieve the status of art merely through the process of selection and presentation.” Duchamp explored this notion as early as 1913 when he mounted a stool with a bicycle wheel and again in 1915 when he purchased a snow shovel and humorously inscribed it “in advance of the broken arm, Marcel Duchamp.” In 1917, Duchamp formally submitted a readymade into the Society of Independent Artists exhibition under the pseudonym, R. Mutt. Entitled Fountain, it consisted of a porcelain urinal that was propped atop a pedestal and signed “R. Mutt 1917”. The work posed a direct challenge to traditional perceptions of fine art, ownership, originality and plagiarism, and was subsequently rejected by the exhibition committee. Duchamp publicly defended Fountain, claiming “whether Mr.Mutt with his own hands made the fountain or not has no importance. He CHOSE it. He took an ordinary article of life, placed it so that its useful significance disappeared under the new title and point of view—and created a new thought for that object.”

The Dada movement (including Duchamp as an associate) continued with the appropriation of everyday objects. Dada works featured deliberate irrationality and the rejection of the prevailing standards of art. Kurt Schwitters, who produced art at the same time as the Dadaists, shows a similar sense of the bizarre in his “merz” works. He constructed these from found objects, and they took the form of large constructions that later generations would call installations.

The Surrealists, coming after the Dada movement, also incorporated the use of ‘found objects’ such as Méret Oppenheim’s Object (Luncheon in Fur) (1936). These objects took on new meaning when combined with other unlikely and unsettling objects.

In 1938 Joseph Cornell produced what might be considered the first work of film appropriation in his randomly cut and reconstructed film Rose Hobart.

In the 1950s Robert Rauschenberg used what he dubbed “combines”, literally combining readymade objects such as tires or beds, painting, silk-screens, collage, and photography. Similarly, Jasper Johns, working at the same time as Rauschenberg, incorporated found objects into his work.

The Fluxus art movement also utilised appropriation: its members blended different artistic disciplines including visual art, music, and literature. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s they staged “action” events and produced sculptural works featuring unconventional materials.

Along with artists such as Claes Oldenburg and Andy Warhol appropriated images from commercial art and popular culture as well as the techniques of these industries. Often called “pop artists”, they saw mass popular culture as the main vernacular culture, shared by all irrespective of education. These artists fully engaged with the ephemera produced from this mass-produced culture, embracing expendability and distancing themselves from the evidence of an artist’s hand.

In 1958 Bruce Conner produced the influential A Movie in which he recombined existing film clips. In 1958 Raphael Montanez Ortiz produced Cowboy and Indian Film, a seminal appropriation film work.

In the late 1970s Dara Birnbaum was working with appropriation to produce feminist works of art. In 1978-79 she produced one of the first video appropriations. Technology/Transformation: Wonder Woman utilised video clips from the Wonder Woman television series.

The term appropriation art was in common use in the 1980s with artists such as Sherrie Levine, who addressed the act of appropriating itself as a theme in art. Levine often quotes entire works in her own work, for example photographing photographs of Walker Evans. Challenging ideas of originality, drawing attention to relations between power, gender and creativity, consumerism and commodity value, the social sources and uses of art, Levine plays with the theme of “almost same”. Elaine Sturtevant (also known simply as Sturtevant), on the other hand, painted and exhibited perfect replicas of famous works. She replicated Andy Warhol’s Flowers in 1965 at the Bianchini Gallery in New York. She trained to reproduce the artist’s own technique—to the extent that when Warhol was repeatedly questioned on his technique, he once answered “I don’t know. Ask Elaine.”

During the 1970s and 1980s Richard Prince re-photographed advertisements such as for Marlboro cigarettes or photo-journalism shots. His work takes anonymous and ubiquitous cigarette billboard advertising campaigns, elevates the status and focusses our gaze on the images.

Appropriation artists comment on all aspects of culture and society. Joseph Kosuth appropriated images to engage with philosophy and epistemological theory. Other artists working with appropriation during this time with included Jeff Koons, Barbara Kruger, Greg Colson, and Malcolm Morley.

In the 1990s artists continued to produce appropriation art, using it as a medium to address theories and social issues, rather than focussing on the works themselves. Damian Loeb used film and cinema to comment on themes of simulacrum and reality. Other high-profile artists working at this time included Christian Marclay, Deborah Kass, Damien Hirst[dubious – discuss] and Genco Gulan.

In the digital age
Since the 1990s, the exploitation of historical precursors is as multifarious as the concept of appropriation is unclear. A hitherto unparalleled quantity of appropriations pervades not only the field of the visual arts, but of all cultural areas. The new generation of appropriators considers themselves “archeolog of the present time”. Some speak of “postproduction”, which is based on pre-existing works, to re-edit “the screenplay of culture”. The annexation of works made by others or of available cultural products mostly follows the concept of use. So-called “prosumers”—those consuming and producing at the same time—browse through the ubiquitous archive of the digital world (more seldom through the analog one), in order to sample the ever accessible images, words, and sounds via ‘copy-paste’ or ‘drag-drop’ to ‘bootleg’, ‘mashup’ or ‘remix’ them just as one likes. Appropriations have today become an everyday phenomenon.

The new “generation remix”—who have taken the stages not only of the visual arts, but also of music, literature, dance and film—causes, of course, highly controversial debates. Media scholars Lawrence Lessig coined in the begin of the 2000s here the term of the remix culture. On the one hand are the celebrators who foresee a new age of innovative, useful, and entertaining ways for art of the digitized and globalized 21st century. The new appropriationists will not only realize Joseph Beuys’ dictum that everyone is an artist but also “build free societies”. By liberating art finally from traditional concepts such as aura, originality, and genius, they will lead to new terms of understanding and defining art. More critical observers see this as the starting point of a huge problem. If creation is based on nothing more than carefree processes of finding, copying, recombining and manipulating pre-existing media, concepts, forms, names, etc. of any source, the understanding of art will shift in their sight to a trivialized, low-demanding, and regressive activity. In view of the limitation of art to references to pre-existing concepts and forms, they foresee endless recompiled and repurposed products. Skeptics call this a culture of recycling with an addiction to the past

Some say that only lazy people who have nothing to say let themselves be inspired by the past in this way. Others fear, that this new trend of appropriation is caused by nothing more than the wish of embellishing oneself with an attractive genealogy. The term appropriationism reflects the overproduction of reproductions, remakings, reenactments, recreations, revisionings, reconstructings, etc. by copying, imitating, repeating, quoting, plagiarizing, simulating, and adapting pre-existing names, concepts and forms. Appropriationism is discussed—in comparison of appropriation forms and concepts of the 20th century which offer new representations of established knowledge—as a kind of “racing standstill”, referring to the acceleration of random, uncontrollable operations in highly mobilised, fluid Western societies that are governed more and more by abstract forms of control. Unlimited access to the digital archive of creations and easily feasible digital technologies, as well as the priority of fresh ideas and creative processes over a perfect masterpiece leads to a hyperactive hustle and bustle around the past instead of launching new expeditions into unexplored territory that could give visibility to the forgotten ghosts and ignored phantoms of our common myths and ideologies.

Appropriation Cinema
In film art, the term Appropriation Cinema is sometimes used (more commonly found footage film). These are cinematic works that take over and manipulate existing footage. The American director Gus Van Sant turned z. For example, with Psycho (1998) a remake of Alfred Hitchcock’s masterpiece Psycho(1960), which consistently recreates scene after scene of the original. The equipment and the staging were slightly modified only in some scenes. The film faced many attacks; The cinema audience did not understand it as an independent achievement and therefore as superfluous. Since the remake of films is a common genre in the film industry, the situation is different here than in art – one can also understand van Sant’s film as a parody of remakes or as pastiche.

Also in charge of psycho was the British video artist Douglas Gordon, who stretched the film in a 24-hour video projection in his installation 24 Hour Psycho. Gordon understands his work as a play between the artistic aura of the masterpiece and the individual interventions and manipulations that any owner of a video recorder can make to a film, when he wants to immerse himself meditatively or analytically in individual image sequences.

Appropriation theater
In 2010, the theater group Shanzhai Institute founded. Based on the Chinese Shanzhai tradition of copy and appropriation art, the group copies and re-enacts historic and existing theater productions in detail, with only the actors and actors being reclassified. In 2016 the re-enactment of Chekhov’s ” The Seagull “, directed by Jürgen Gosch from 2008, is planned at the Schauspiel Leipzig.

Artists using appropriation
The following are notable artists known for their use of pre-existing objects or images with little or no transformation applied to them:

ABOVE Ai Kijima Aleksandra Mir Andy Warhol Banksy Barbara Kruger Benjamin Edwards Bern Porter Bill Jones Brian Dettmer Burhan Dogancay Christian Marclay Cindy Sherman Claes Oldenburg Cornelia Sollfrank Cory Arcangel Craig Baldwin Damian Loeb Damien Hirst David Salle Deborah Kass Dominique Mulhem Douglas Gordon Elaine Sturtevant Eric Doeringer Fatimah Tuggar Felipe Jesus Consalvos Genco Gulan General Idea George Pusenkoff Georges Braque Gerhard Richter Ghada Amer Glenn Brown Gordon Bennett Graham Rawle Graig Kreindler Greg Colson Hans Haacke Hans-Peter Feldman J. Tobias Anderson Jake and Dinos Chapman James Cauty Jasper Johns Jeff Koons Joan Miró Jodi John Baldessari John McHale John Stezaker Joseph Cornell Joseph Kosuth Joy Garnett Karen Kilimnik Kelley Walker Kenneth Goldsmith Kurt Schwitters Lennie Lee Leon Golub Louise Lawler Luc Tuymans Luke Sullivan Malcolm Morley Marcel Duchamp Marcus Harvey Mark Divo Marlene Dumas Martin Arnold Matthieu Laurette Max Ernst Meret Oppenheim Michael Landy Mike Bidlo Mike Kelley Miltos Manetas Nancy Spero Negativland Nikki S. Lee Norm Magnusson PJ Crook Pablo Picasso People Like Us Peter Saville Philip Taaffe Pierre Bismuth Pierre Huyghe Reginald Case Richard Prince Rick Prelinger Rob Scholte Robert Longo Robert Rauschenberg Shepard Fairey Sherrie Levine Elaine Sturtevant System D-128 Ted Noten Thomas Ruff Tom Phillips Vermibus Vik Muniz Vikky Alexander Vivienne Westwood

Yasumasa Morimura