What was the relative significance of the effect of imperialism from C 1750 and C 1900?

In the fifth period in AP world history, 1750 – 1900, the greatest revolution since the neolithic era (C.8000 B.C.E.) occurred: the Industrial Revolution. It fundamentally change the human experience and continues to affect the world today. Although some people in the early 21st century have not experienced industrialization directly, only a small number of people have not been affected by it.

The Industrial Revolution changed governments, family life, global and local economies, food production, migration, war, art and literature, the environment, transportation, communication, population growth, and rural and urban areas. It led to the age of imperialism, political revolutions, communism, but World War I, women’s rights, multinational corporations, and the traditional Western family.

A. The Industrial Revolution began in Western Europe, specifically in Britain.

1. Western Europe’s government policies.

As Western Europe built political and economic empires in the New World, the flow of silver and gold from the New World into Europe’s treasuries made their societies the richest in the world.

i. European governments – especially Britain – invested part of this income in the form of monetary prizes to individuals who invented more efficient ways to transport goods, grow crops, defeat enemies – anything that might significantly contribute to the nations increased share of the global mercantile pie.

2. Geography

i. Incentives like government-sponsored prizes for use for inventions were factors that triggered the Industrial Revolution. Another factor was the right type of natural resources to create the inventions.ii. Britain had cool and iron, good soil, fast-moving rivers to turn water we use that powered machines, and many natural harbors to import raw materials from faraway colonies.iii. Products manufactured from those raw materials were exported back to millions of colonial consumers and other markets around the globe.

iv. Belgium, Germany, and France had similar favorable geographic conditions and were quick to follow Britain’s lead in developing industry.

3. Economic and social mobility

i. Especially in Britain, and to a lesser degree in the rest of the Western Europe, people could move up the economic and social ladder did double up a moneymaking invention. This incentive for Britain to become a nation of thinkers as one observer at the beginning it.

ii. banks loaned money to inventors in they had faith. As noted above, European governments offered prizes for inventions that they considered helpful to their global economies and political goals. These conditions did not exist outside Europe at the beginning of this era.

4. Workforce

i. Britain had a large number of people skilled in working with metal tools. Those skills were necessary for the creation of the machines that would be used to develop industry.

ii. agricultural workers in Britain were forced off farmland by a government approved policy called the enclosure movement. The peasants migrated to cities, forming a large potential workforce for factories.

5. What didn’t the Industrial Revolution begins somewhere else?

i. Africa had a great deal more natural resources than did Western Europe; make China had a well organized government and a very strong economy; and yeah and China had a tradition of technological development.

ii. only Western Europe, however, had a necessary factors for industrial development by the mid-18th century: incentive, materials, and skilled labor.

A. Mechanization of textile production

I. British inventors developed machines that could mass-produce cloth and thread.

2. These muscle – powered, wood-and-iron machines were a hit with manufacturers because they cranked out cloth faster and cheaper than hand- making methods.

3. Bigger and quicker machines were developed, and they were massed into large buildings called factories. Water wheels turning in fast-moving streams provided, power for the machines.

B. The Steam Engine

1. By the 1760s, inventors in Britain had developed the steam engine – one of the most revolutionary inventions of all time – and made water power obsolete.

i. With the development of the steam engine, factories didn’t have to be built next to a stream – they could be anywhere.

ii. connecting cloth-and thread making machines to steam engines increased production many times beyond what humans could do. Mass production of goods made machine made clothing affordable to just about everyone in European society.

2. Technological changes cascaded quickly after the introduction of the steam engine.

i. This successes of the machine – produced cloth and thread led to the invention of the cotton gin, a machine that took seeds out of cotton to prepare it for thread and cloth manufacturing.

ii. the cotton gin operated many times faster than any human and when it was hooked up to a steam engine, it operated even faster.

3. Two early 19th century inventions involving the steam engine drastically altered transportation.

i. In the United States, the first steamboat made 7000 years of sail power obsolete.

ii. In Britain, the steam powered locomotive marked the beginning of the end of the age of the horse in modern society.

First Steam Train

A. Fossil Fuel

1. Coal was the initial fuel out for the steam engines of the Industrial Revolution, but as the 19th century progressed, petroleum was increasingly used, especially after the development of the Internal combustion (diesel and later, gasoline) engine. Both provided vastly greater amounts of energy than any previous form of power.

B. Steel

1. Advancement in steel production led to mass production of this alloy that was stronger, lighter, and more flexible than iron.

i. Steel factories centered in regions near iron and coal mines, materials vital to steel production.

ii. Western Europe again led the way, followed soon by United States, Japan, and Russia. Steve became the king of metals in the industrial age.

C. Industrialization Spreads

1. The United States

i. The United States was quick to follow Britain’s lead in industrialization. The cotton gin, invented in Connecticut in the late 18th century, made cotton production highly profitable.

ii. a result, single – crop cotton plantation boomed, as did slavery.

iii. British – style factories that turned American cotton into textiles popped up in the Northeast. The self produced so much gotten that much of it was shipped to England’s factories.

iv. railroads sprang up in the Northeast first and soon connected to farming areas in the Midwest and South, delivery of crops and farm animals to processing factories in Chicago and other cities in the north.

v. The agricultural South’s loss to the industrial North in the US Civil War marked a turning point when the US government outlawed slavery in 1865.

vi. the national government’s power rose dramatically after the Civil War, and it encouraged a strong pro – industry attitude.

vii. 1869, the United States completed the East – to – West Transcontinental Railroad, the world’s longest at the time.

viii. by 1900s, the United States was the world’s biggest steel producer and the US steel Corporation was the world’s first billion-dollar corporation

2. Japan

i. Using a show of industrial force, the US government sent need a ships to force open the trade the war with Japan in the 1850s. The Japanese government responded, not by resisting, but by transforming its government, society, and industry.

ii. Their program of Western-style industrialization, Japanese built factories that specialized in silk textiles.

iii. One significant difference between Japanese and Western industrialization was that the Japanese government had close ties to factory corporations. The government often built factories, then sold them to investors but stayed actively involved in their finances and business decision.

3. Russia

i. Unlike Japan and the West, Russia’s industrial progress was limited in this era.

ii. the government’s primary focus was on supporting the elite owners of large agricultural estates. Serfdom was still in place until the mid-19th century. The government freed the serfs, but unlike the United States and Japan, the show was slow to shift to industrialization.

iii. late in this era, the Russian government sought foreign investment in its industrial program. Russia became a top producer of steel and built the trans—Siberian railway, passing the United States in having the world’s longest railroad.

iv. despite their accomplishments, Russia economy remained largely mired in the 15th century. Peasant laborers grew mostly meat and potatoes for export from the largest states still owned by friends of the Czar.

4. Latin America

i. Europeans invested great amounts of money to jumpstart industrialization in Latin America.

ii. great expectations followed and some railroad routes were built, but overall, like Rus.sia, Latin America remained largely an exporter of crops grown by peasant labor.

iii. products included coffee, bananas, wheat, beef, and sugar. Industrialized nations sought copper, a major export of Mexico.

5. India

i. England established its rule (Raj) over India near the beginning of the era C. 1750 – 1900.

ii. India was the leading grower of cotton, and England eagerly imported the fabric for its textile mills. This era, under British authority, Inc. textile factories began to produce machine made cotton thread and cloth, and the production of handmade textiles began to decline.

iii. India's age of rapid industrial growth, however, waited until the late 20th century.

6. Industrialization in other regions

i. Like the Russians the Ottoman Empire had limited progress in developing modern industry in this era. The Empire’s leaders failed to recognize the degree to which the Industrial Revolution was increasing the West’s political, economic, and military power. Unlike Japan’s leaders at this time. The Ottomans were divided over following Western Europe’s industrial model.

ii. Africa remained a provider of natural resources to the world’s industrial giants. The greatest export in terms of cost was diamonds and gold from South Africa. In the age of imperialism, Europe’s governments and businesses prefer to keep its African colonies dependent on them.

iii. China rejected most things Western in this era and remained largely out of the production end of the Industrial Revolution. Some foreign investment provided for railroads and steamships, but overall the middle Kingdom stuck with human labor to produce crops and handmade items for export.

The new industrial powers in Western Europe, the United States, Russia, Japan took advantage of China is weak government by forcing open exclusive trade regions – spheres of influence – in China. So Russia traded in one region of China, Britain in another, and France in yet another.

At the end of this era, these nations accepted a US proposal for an open door policy in China, and the spheres of influence and allowing open access to all of China’s markets.

Test tip: questions comparing industrialization in the West, Russia, and/or Japan have appeared in every AP world history exam since it was first administered.

A. Western Europe and the United States

1. In these Western regions, the rapid changes that industrialization had on the economy affected everyday life. England was the first to experience these changes.

i. The factory system demanded a great deal of labor, so families moved from farms to cities to work in textile and other kinds of factories.

ii. another factor in the move from farms to cities was the loss of farm jobs due to the increased use of labor saving devices in agriculture.

2. Over time, wages went up so much that the working outside the home became primarily a man’s job.

i. As factories became more efficient, less human labor was required, so, for the most part, women and children left factory work.

ii. in many areas of the best, however, children continued to be employed in coal mines and in agricultural labor.

3. As steady wages increased over time, a new social class arose in the industrial West: the middle class. This economic and social group between the rich and the poor had always existed, and in this era, it exploded in size and political power.

4. Women were expected to marry and stay home to take care of their husbands and children, creating the traditional family structure and the West.

i. Families had fewer children than their rural counterparts.

ii. Single women increasingly found employment as teachers, replacing men in these jobs.

5. The 20th century approached, women began to replace men in the business environment as secretaries and telephone operators.

i. Women were not allowed to vote in most Western societies until after World War I.

ii. fewer children were needed for factory work, and governments in the West, concerned about the prospect of millions of unsupervised children running around with nothing to do, passed laws requiring school attendance.

6. The Industrial Revolution caused more cities to develop and rise to unprecedented sizes. As a steady income, people left farm life and moved to cities to work in the industrial jobs.

i. With the boom in urban populations came over crowded living conditions, high levels of solution, higher crime rates, and a cooler and increasingly discontent working-class.

ii. pressures from these conditions led to proposals for sweeping changes in government policies in Europe and the United States.

7. Art and literature

i. Looking at the gritty life of the overcrowded industrial cities, artists abandoned the optimism of the romantic school of art and shifted to realism, painting dark scenes of city life, exemplified by locomotives belching black smoke.

ii. the camera was invented, which artists feared would put them out of business. The artistic style called Impressionism was in direct contrast to photography’s graphic realism. Artists painted deliberately unfocused scenes of nature – their “impression”of the scene. French artists led the way in the school of art.

iii. writers also responded to the effects of the Industrial Revolution. Charles Dickens wrote stories about life among the struggling urban laboring class insert covered London in the early 19th century in his classics, a Christmas Carol and Oliver Twist, among others.

Test tip: the AP world history exam focuses most often on the effects of industrialization on Japanese society. Be sure you know about the conditions endured by young women were sent from rural areas by their families to work in silk factories. Unhealthy working conditions and threats from major supervisors were the subjects of songs and poems written by so-called factory girls.

B. Latin America

1. The limited impact of the Industrial Revolution on Latin America meant that continuities in social structures and gender roles remained through this era.

2. In another major social development, millions of Europeans migrated to Latin America in the 19th century seeking new economic opportunities.

3. In an interesting parallel, thousands of Japanese immigrants poured into the West Coast of South America, mostly to work as laborers.

A. With the ever expanding global market for machine made calls came businesses that operate on a global scale. You have read of banks that loaned money for foreign investments and of the British East India and Dutch East India Companies – two of the world’s first multinational businesses.

B. Another business that operated on an international scale was the US-based United fruit Corporation. It’s a huge tracts of banana plantations throughout Central America. The produce was shipped to the United States and Europe.

C. The exchange of goods and money among the industrialized economies grew so fast that they established a gold standards for world currencies. And a great upon international price of gold became the measure by which nations determined the relative value of their money systems.

Test tip: the growth of multinational or transnational corporations is a frequent topic on the AP world history exam.

A. From steam to Gas

1. In the second half of the 19th century, the place of industrialization quickened and so did the number of inventions. Historians call this a second Industrial Revolution.

2. Instead of focusing on textile production and steam power, the second Industrial Revolution and ran on the internal combustion (gasoline or diesel) engine.

3. It also differed from that initial Industrial Revolution because there were more inventions related to electrical systems, scientific discoveries, and medicine. All had applications for the mechanization of warfare.

B. Communication

1. The first major development in the area of communication was the US invention of the telegraph in the 1840s.

i. By the late 1850s, a telegraph cable had been extended under the Atlantic Ocean, linking the British Isles to Canada and the United States.

ii. by the 1870s, communication across the Pacific was achieved, and by 1902, the entire global British Empire was connected by telegraph.

2. In 1876, the telephone was invented in the United States. Its popularity was different from the telegraph in that the user needed no special training, making it a home-use product.

3. The radio (or wireless telegraph) was in its developmental stage near the end of this era.

C. Transportation

1. After the development of the steamboat and that steam locomotive, the next major step in transportation was the electric trolley car and the subterranean transportation system, or the subway. Both were mass – transit systems, first used in large cities like London, Paris, and New York.

2. The automobile was invented in Germany in the 1880s. In this era, it was mostly experimental device and an object of curiosity.

D. Science and Medicine

1. The modern science of chemistry began in the era 1750 – 1900

i. Systematic studies of chemical compounds and the composition of different forms of matter gave scientists insights into how nature works.

ii. toward the end of the era, scientists were developing chemical compounds in the lab – some were powerful fertilizers that were used to grow crops (and thus more food) more efficiently than before.

2. Advances in medicine in this era included smallpox and rabies vaccinations, sterilization of surgical instruments, the use of anesthetics during surgery, and aspirin, to name a few. Governments oversaw programs that provided clean drinking water in cities. These and many other examples led to healthier, longer lives in the industrial world.

3. Science and faith crossed swords in the person of Charles Darwin.

i. His investigations of animals of the South Pacific led him to conclude that natural selection, not God, determine the viability of species on earth. He also theorized that humans and apes have similar characteristics and must therefore have common ancestors.

ii. these pronouncements began furious debates about the nature of humanity and its place among the animals in the world. His ideas about survival of the fittest in the animal kingdoms led some Europeans to transfer the concepts to human civilizations.

iii.Social Darwinism – where the superior races must naturally defeat inferior ones – had enormous implications in the upcoming age of imperialism.