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into general learning objectives that group related student outcomes together. Accompanying each objective are precise statements of measurable language arts behaviors to be demonstrated by the student. All objectives carry a six-digit number (identifying the subject area, level, and strand) and a three-digit number (providing information to the state education agency concerning the relationship of each objective to the general curriculum goals). Objective numbers are used to identify related instructional support materials, including evaluation instruments, record keeping materials, and teaching strategies, as well as commercial materials that can be coded to the objectives. The guide also provides an overview of the curriculum framework, state maturity goals and related curriculum goals, language arts problem objectives, an overview of the course of study and a resource file, language arts scope and sequence charts, and growth and development theoretical foundation charts. (HOD)
ED 252 891 CS 208 779 Model Curriculum Standards: Grades Nine through Twelve. English Language Arts, Foreign Language, History-Social Science, Mathematics, Science, Visual and Performing Arts. First Edi tion. California State Dept. of Education, Sacramento. Pub Date-85 Note-306p. Available from Publications Sales, California State Department of Education, PO Box 271, Sacramento, CA 95802-0271 ($5.50, plus sales tax for California residents). Pub Type— Guides - Non-Classroom (055) EDRS Price - MF01 Plus Postage. PC Not Avail able from EDRS. Descriptors—Curriculum Enrichment, Drama, *English Instruction, Language Arts, * Mathematics Instruction, Models, *Science Instruction, Secondary Education, *Second Language Instruction, *Social Sciences, State Legislation, State Standards, *Visual Arts Identifiers—California, *Curriculum Standards Designed for use with students in grades nine through twelve, the model curriculum standards in this guide were developed in response to Senate Bill 813 (Chapter 498, Statutes of 1983) of the California Legislature that focused on the reestablishment of high expectations for the content of courses taught in secondary schools and for the level of effort and performance by students. Strands are included for the following curricular areas: English/language arts, foreign language, history/social science, mathematics, science, and visual and performing arts. Within each curricular division, the strands are subdivided into specific topics. All of the standards are boxed on each page and accompanied by representative activities to clarify the ways in which students might more fully understand and internalize the concepts and ideas. (HOD) ED 252 892 CS 504 772 Sotirin, Patricia J. Organizational Culture-A Focus on Contemporary Theory/Research in Organizational Communica tion. Pub Date-Nov 84 Note-38p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meet ing of the Speech Communication Association (70th, Chicago, IL, November 1-4, 1984). Pub Type - Opinion Papers (120) — Speeches/ Meeting Papers (150) EDRS Price - MF01/PC02 Plus Postage. Descriptors—*Communication (Thought Trans fer), Communication Research, *Cultural Context, *Organizational Communication, *Organizational Theories, *Research Methodology, Research Needs Identifiers—*Organizational Culture Defining organizational culture as the amalgam of beliefs, mythology, values, and rituals that, even more than its products, differentiates it from other organizations, this paper demonstrates its utility as a synthesizing focus on current ideas about communication in organizations. Modes of thought, dominant paradigms, perspectives on communication and organizations, and research approaches are reviewed using organizational culture as both a basis for comparison and a point of correlation. Divided into nine sections, the paper reviews theories espoused by such researchers as Linda Putnam, George Cheney, Michael Pacanowsky, Nick O'Donnell-Trujillo, and Andrew Pettigrew. (HOD)
Cohen, Marlene International Students as Teachers in College Classrooms. Pub Date—3 Nov 84 Note—26p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meet- ing of the Speech Communication Association (70th, Chicago, IL, November 1-4, 1984). Pub Type-Speeches/Meeting Papers (150) - Re ports - Research (143) EDRS Price - MF01/PC02 Plus Postage. Descriptors Cultural Differences, Culture Contact, Ethnic Relations, *Foreign Students, Higher Education, *Intercultural Communication, *Intercultural Programs, Multicultural Education, Student Needs, *Student Participation, *Student Role, Teaching Methods, Two Year Colleges Foreign students enrolled in colleges and universities in the United States represent a broad range of cultures and could provide the intercultural experiences and wider world view that American students need. At present, however, interaction between these foreign students and their American classmates is minimal. A survey of foreign student advisors and instructors from 16 community colleges in nine states indicated that food fairs, student fairs, and international student clubs were the primary means of bringing American and international students together. Few academic programs appear to exist where American and international students can meet and exchange ideas, yet the classroom is the best place for a campus to begin to widen its horizons. Courses can be designed to focus on intercultural communication or to take up the minority viewpoint on historical, political or social issues. Foreign students can also be invited to guest lecture in appropriate courses. A sampling of foreign students enrolled at Prince George's Community College (Maryland) indicates that the idea of using international students in the classroom gets a favorable response from international students. Some 72% of those surveyed enjoyed being asked to speak about the views and actions of their countries. Similarly, those colleges and universities that have used foreign students as teachers in various ways have reported some significant success with their programs. More campuses, however, need to involve themselves to a much greater degree with international education. (RBW) ED 252 894 CS 504 798 Hughey, Jim D. Why Are Women Getting All Those A's? Pub Date-Nov 84 Note-31p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meet ing of the Speech Communication Association (70th, Chicago, IL, November 1-4, 1984). Pub Type-Reports - Research (143) — Speeches/ Meeting Papers (150) EDRS Price - MF01/PC02 Plus Postage. Descriptors—Behavior Patterns, *Communication Research, Communication Skills, Comparative Analysis, *Females, *Grading, Higher Education, Males, * Performance Factors, Sex Bias, *Sex Differences, *Speech Communication, Speech Instruction, Speech Skills, Theories To explain evidence that females receive higher grades in communication courses than males, one researcher has posed a competence/compliance paradox: either, women are more competent communicators and are only judged to be less competent in public life because of prejudice, or, women are not as competent as men in communication as demonstrated in public life and their higher grades in the classroom are an artifice created by the context and their high compliance with instruction. In an attempt to resolve this paradox, discriminant analysis and correlational procedures were used to examine the relationship between grades received by 2,083 male and female students and their communicative responsiveness, as indicated by nine responsiveness scales. The results indicated that the communication patterns of sensitive speaker, sensitive listener, and supportive norm are female-specific patterns and the pattern of problem handler is male-specific. The sensitive speaker pattern is salient to most assignment grades in the course and offers the most likely explanation of why women get higher course grades than men. Although the pattern is a compliance pattern that focuses on the other person, it also represents the fundamental competency in a speech communication course: speaking. The results seem to favor the competence explanation for higher grades for women, but they also suggest that women are communicatively compliant and more competent than males. (HTH)
ED 252 895 CS 504 800 Berg, Charles M. Visualizing Music: The Archaeology of Mu sic-Video. Pub Date-2 Nov 84 Note-26p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meet ing of the Speech Communication Association (70th, Chicago, IL, November 1-4, 1984). Pub Type-Reports - Research (143) - Speeches/ Meeting Papers (150) EDRS Price - MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. Descriptors—Animation, Audiodisc Recordings, Audio Equipment, * Dance, Film Production, Media Research, *Music, Photographic Equipment, *Popular Culture, Research and Development, *Technological Advancement, *Videotape Re cordings Identifiers—*Media History, Multimedia Perfor mances, *Music Videos Music videos, with their characteristic visual energy and frenetic music-and-dance numbers, have caught on rapidly since their introduction in 1981, bringing prosperity to a slumping record industry. Creating images to accompany existing music is, however, hardly a new idea. The concept can be traced back to 1877 and Thomas Edison's invention of the phonograph. That device, with its capacity for freezing segments from time's continuum, coupled with rapid advances then being made in photography, led to the first attempts to simultaneously capture time's oral and visual components. Edison and others worked on linking phonographs and movie projectors, but synchronization remained a problem until the 1920s when Lee DeForest's invention of sound-on-film provided a reliable technology for interlocking and amplifying sounds and images. During the nickelodeon era, theatre owners found it paid to hire singers to lead their audiences in singing popular songs while showing sets of illustrated slides and then offer the sheet music for sale. With the advent of picture palaces, this song-slide practice evolved into the short promotional film for new songs, a form that foreshadowed the development of music videos. Sound films also led to the development of a genre, the musical, that incorporated singing and dancing as well as talk. The ensembles of dancers typical of such early film choreographers as Busby Berkeley and Fred Astaire embellish the latest music videos. Shorts featuring jazz and big band performers proved extremely popular during the 1930s and 1940s. In the 1940s this material began to turn up in the newly introduced slot machine movies, and by the 1960s these machines had evolved into jukeboxes featuring illustrated pop songs with the lyrics backed by choreography and staging. These films directly anticipated music videos not only in their pop music content but also in their kinetic visual style. (RBW) ED 252 896 CS 504 801 Young, Marilyn J. And Others A Developmental Project for Student Evaluation of Directors of Forensics. Final Report, October 30, 1975 through August 31, 1976. American Forensic Association. Spons Agency--Florida State Univ., Tallahassee. Coll. of Communication. Pub Date—76 Note—68p. Pub Type- Reports - Research (143) EDRS Price - NF01/PC03 Plus Postage. Descriptors—*Communication Research, Evalua tion Methods, *Faculty Advisers, Higher Education, *Persuasive Discourse, *Student Attitudes, *Student Evaluation of Teacher Performance, Teacher Attitudes, *Teacher Evaluation, Test Construction Identifiers—Forensics Directors A two-phase study was conducted to develop an instrument for evaluating college forensics directors. In the first phase, randomly selected schools with forensic departments were sent three questionnaires. The department chair of each school was asked to write an evaluation of the current director of forensics, and the director and the students in the forensics program were asked to write a description of the best and the worst director of forensics they had ever known. The essay evaluations were then content analyzed, and from these data an item pool was created. These items were phrased as statements, accompanied by a 15-point response scale. The resulting instruments were then completed by 10 students at each of 21 randomly selected schools. The results of the second questionnaire tended to validate the original content analysis categories in
all but four cases. The results also suggested that there are three dimensions (factors) involved in the evaluation of forensics directors: coaching style, personal effectiveness, and professional characteristics. (HTH)
ED 252 897 CS 504 803 Irwin, Harry Communication Competence and Social Interac tion Skills in Australian Business Organizations. Pub Date—[84] Note—46p.; Tables and figures contain small print. Pub Type - Reports - Research (143) EDRS Price - MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. Descriptors—Business Communication, Cognitive Processes, *Communication Research, Foreign Countries, *Interpersonal Competence, *Interpersonal Relationship, *Measurement Techniques, *Organizational Communication, Perception, Self Evaluation (Individuals) Identifiers-Australia Within Australian contexts, and within a dialogic, constructivist framework, this paper reports the development of an instrument (COMCOMP) designed to measure perceptions of communication competence among others at the interpersonal-organizational interface and the use of COMCOMP to identify personal characteristics and skills associated with communication competence as relevant goals for training. The paper also reports on an associated study that examined the relationship between self-perceptions of communication competence and selected social psychological and communication variables, namely cognitive complexity, social perspective taking ability, and communication sensitivity. The paper notes that although the personal characteristics and skills associated with communication competence in others are clearly related to the broad skills areas of empathy and sensitivity, these broad skills areas are only weakly related to attribution of communication competence in the self. In addition, the paper analyzes the implications for business educators of these findings. (Author/HOD)
Teacher Attitudes, Teacher Response, *Teacher Role, Teacher Student Relationship, *Teaching Conditions Some of the difficulties involved in teaching inside maximum security prisons, and ways a media studies teacher met these challenges, are described in this paper. The first section of the paper deals with the prison security system and the stresses it can cause for both teacher and student, while the second section discusses the influence of the public and public opinion on prison educational programs. The third secion offers suggestions on how to adjust classroom practice to take account of the range of nonverbal communication behaviors that are an essential part of prison culture, and the fourth explores the need for a flexible course structure that can be adapted to meet the expectations of class members. The fifth section looks at the heightened level of political awareness found in the prison student population and suggests that in this unconventional setting media studies have the potential to become a powerful learning tool. The concluding section observes that the atmosphere in maximum security institutions is not conducive to learning and cautions prospective prison teachers against expecting too much from their students. (RBW)
ED 252 898 CS 504 805 Hample, Dale Argumentation and the Unconscious. Pub Date-Nov 84 Note-32p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meet ing of the Speech Communication Association (70th, Chicago, IL, November 1-4, 1984). Pub Type- Opinion Papers (120) — Speeches/ Meeting Papers (150) EDRS Price - MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. Descriptors—*Cognitive Processes, Comprehen sion, *Learning Theories, *Persuasive Discourse, Rhetoric, *Speech Communication Identifiers-Invention (Rhetorical), *Rules Theory, *Unconscious Processes Noting that although explicit attention to the unconscious has been rare in argument theories-the notion is unavoidable in any full theory, this paper argues that the unconscious plays a central role in argumentation. After briefly discussing the characteristics of the unconscious, the first section of the paper presents an analysis of rhetorical invention, which is understood as both creation and judgment of arguments. This section also notes the unconscious processes of invention, including the translation of invention from a primarily imagic modality to a verbal modality. The second section of the paper then discusses the judgment, or editing, of the created ideas. This section examines research on the rules for conversation as an avenue of insight into the invention process, noting that while rules theorists often think in terms of consciously observing rules, some rules carry with them little or no notion of conscious choice. The final section of the paper explores the argument reception, pointing out that most of the work of comprehension and perception is done by the unconscious, using the same imagic and editing processes of invention. The paper concludes that the public text of an argument may be thought of as a bridge between the inarticulate awareness of the two people involved and that rhetoric clearly occupies an intermediary stage between the unconscious and the conscious. (HTH) ED 252 899 CS 504 807 Metallinos, Nikos Visual Space: Empirical Research in Television Z-Axis Staging. Pub Date-Nov 84 Note-26p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meet ing of the Speech Communication Association
(70th, Chicago, IL, November 1-4, 1984). Pub Type- Information Analyses (070) Speeches/Meeting Papers (150) — Opinion Pa pers (120) EDRS Price - MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. Descriptors—*Depth Perception, Media Research, Production Techniques, *Psychophysiology, Research Methodology, *Research Needs, *Technological Advancement, *Television Research, Television Viewing, Visual Aids, Visual Percep tion, *Visual Stimuli Identifiers—*Media Imagery Technological advancements in television images have resulted in an increase of media imagery. One cause of people's fascination with the new media technology is the constant utilization of depth axis staging. The visual elements that make up the image are often placed within the Z-axis, moving rapidly toward or away from the viewer, often vanishing from the screen or blasting toward the viewer unexpectedly. Sometimes, entire frames fly away, flip over or retreat toward the vanishing point. The emphasis on and persistance in the use of depth composition and extraordinary special effects, coupled with the unusually fast advance and retreat of visual space, have been found to have some negative effects on viewer comprehension and understanding of visual space. The combination of rapid inward-outward movement, distorted depth of field, and forceful direction of visual elements placed on the Z-axis disturbs viewer comprehension and diminishes the aesthetic appreciation of such images. Empirical research in the composition of the depth axis in television images would aid in the study of the psychophysiological effects of these images on viewers. Since psychophysiological measuring techniques concern themselves with the covert or hidden repsonses to communication stimuli such as detection of eye movements or changes in heart rate, they would be the most suitable for the study of such new and complex media images. (HOD) ED 252 900 CS 504 808 Feldman, Wendy Johnson, J. David On the Conference as an Integrating Mechanism. Pub Date-Feb 85 Note-28p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meet ing of the Western Speech Communication Asso ciation (Fresno, CA, February 16-19, 1985). Pub Type-- Reports - Research (143) - Speeches/ Meeting Papers (150) EDRS Price - MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. Descriptors—*Conferences, Group Discussion, *Group Dynamics, *Group Unity, *Interaction, Interprofessional Relationship, Job Satisfaction, Morale, *Organizational Climate, *Organizational Communication, Organizational Development, Organizations (Groups), Work Environment Due to their increasing complexity, modern organizations require more effective integrating mechanisms. The conference, which can be a very positive thing for an organization as it provides rewards for members while performing a crucial communication function for the whole, is one possible mechanism. Communication is not only an inherent part of the integration process; it is, in fact, the primary means by which integration is achieved. To be successful, a conference must have clearly defined goals and an organizational climate that encourages participation. Similarly, conferees must have enough background in common to ensure a minimal level of understanding, as well as a willingness to work toward attaining conference goals. A successful conference increases understanding, agreement, and interaction among conferees, and thus more effective integration. Increased integration, in turn, heightens coordination and control, assists in maintaining organizational cultures, and facilitates the flow of information within the organization. (RBW) ED 252 901 CS 504 809 Corcoran, Farrel Teaching Media Studies in Maximum Security Prisons. Pub Date-Nov 84 Note-24p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meet ing of the Speech Communication Association (70th, Chicago, IL, November 1-4, 1984). Pub Type- Opinion Papers (120) — Speeches/ Meeting Papers (150) EDRS Price - MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. Descriptors-Adult Education, Classroom Com munication, *Classroom Environment, *Correctional Education, Correctional Institutions, Discipline, *Prisoners, Speech Communication,
ED 252 902 CS 504 810 New Zealand Speech Board Syllabus 1985-90. Speech and Drama, Public Speaking, and Voca tional Speech. New Zealand Speech Board, Wellington. Pub Date—84 Note-93p. Pub Type- Tests/Questionnaires (160) EDRS Price - MF01/PC04 Plus Postage. Descriptors—Certification, Drama, Educational Assessment, Educational Objectives, Foreign Countries, Graduation Requirements, Professional Associations, Public Speaking, *Speech Communication, *Speech Skills, *Test Format, *Testing Programs, Test Manuals, Vocational Ed ucation Identifiers-New Zealand Examination syllabi developed by the New Zealand Speech Board and designed to meet and supplement educational requirements at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels in schools, youth and recreational groups, theatre schools, speech and drama studios, and adult vocational training centers are outlined in this booklet. The introductory section of the booklet examines the aims and objectives of the Board's program and provides details about the examination procedures and examination regulations. The remainder of the booklet is devoted to syllabi for three subject areas: speech and drama, public speaking and communication, and vocational speech. Each of these subject areas has its own series of tests that begin on an introductory level and move up through eight levels of increasing difficulty, paralleling students' progress from elementary school through high school. For those intending to teach these subjects, the booklet presents advanced level exam syllabi, the successful completion of which lead to the awarding of associate, licentiate, and fellow diplomas. The booklet also delineates various certificate examinations and special paper projects for each subject area. (RBW) ED 252 903 CS 504 811 Hay, Ellen A. Media and the Small College-Try Cable. Pub Date—Nov 84 Note-13p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meet ing of the Speech Communication Association (70th, Chicago, IL, November 1-4, 1984). Pub Type- Reports . Descriptive (141) Speeches/Meeting Papers (150) EDRS Price - MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. Descriptors—*Cable Television, Educational Tele vision, Higher Education, Program Descriptions, Program Development, *School Community Relationship, Speech Communication, *Speech Instruction, *Teaching Methods, Telecommunications Cable television's local access option may be a way for colleges and universities to expand their media offerings. For example, some institutions are using cable capabilities to broadcast direct and inservice instruction or to provide hands-on training for broadcast students. A small private liberal arts college in Iowa successfully uses cable facilities to offer an introductory course in television production. The college also uses the public access channel to broadcast an introductory survey course of the the experimenter in the puzzle situation was also made. While about half of the children attempted to find out the name of the material, no trends in age level or sex were detected. It was concluded that the task placed linguistic demands upon the children that were greater than they could cope with considering their limited experience with Velcro and that coping mechanisms were no more sophisticated at one level than another. (The appendix contains illustrations of repsonses in each class.) (Author/ HOD)
fine arts, comprised of class discussion sessions and written evaluations, and a series of videotaped programs interviewing individuals involved in the arts. Educators should keep the following recommendations in mind as they consider implementing media programs through public access television: (1) they must become more aware and more involved in the negotiations of local cable franchise agreements, (2) they must keep informed of regulations and legislation that could influence cable systems, and (3) they must increase their planning for and use of cable facilities before the technology is absorbed solely for entertainment purposes. (HTH) ED 252 904 CS 504 812 Fowler, Gene D. Philosophical Assumptions and Contemporary Re search Perspectives: A Course Supplement. Pub Date—Nov 84 Note—32p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meet ing of the Speech Communication Association (70th, Chicago, IL, November 1-4, 1984). Pub Type- Opinion Papers (120) — Speeches/ Meeting Papers (150) EDRS Price - MF01 Plus Postage. PC Not Avail able from EDRS. Descriptors—*Communication (Thought Trans fer), Communication Research, Comparative Analysis, *Educational Philosophy, Educational Theories, Higher Education, Instructional Materials, *Research Methodology, Scientific Methodology Identifiers—Humanistic Research, Phenomenologi cal Research, Theory Practice Relationship To supplement course materials for classes in communication theory and research methods, this paper compares philosophical assumptions underlying three approaches to communication research: scientific, which stresses quantitative methods of analysis; humanistic, which encompasses many conflicting techniques but has as a common element-the modification of strictly quantitative methodology to include qualitative aspects; and phenomenological, which emphasizes language and users of language. The paper illustrates the interrelationship between theory and methods by contrasting the three approaches on four theoretical bases: (1) definition of subject matter, (2) identification of observational and analytical units, (3) concept of human action, and (4) structure of explanation. Acknowledging that a complex phenomenon such as spoken language can be studied in many different ways and noting support in the research literature for a pluralistic view of methods appropriate to the study of spoken language, the paper concludes that no single perspective can provide a full explanation of the process as well as an understanding of the "processing," and that the humanistic approach has the potential for wedding the traditional and phenomenological by using the approaches at different points in the entire research processes. (HTH) ED 252 905 CS 504 813 Valentine, Carol And Others Children's Attempts to Verbally Label an Unfamil iar Object: An Exploratory Study. Pub Date—Jan 85 Note-30p. Pub Type - Reports - Research (143) EDRS Price - MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. Descriptors-Age Differences, Cognitive Develop ment, *Communication Research, *Concept Formation, *Developmental Stages, Elementary Education, Language Acquisition, Language Research, *Language Skills, Sex Differences, *Stu dent Reaction, *Verbal Communication Identifiers-Labeling (of Objects), *Relational Concepts In an effort to describe the linguistic relational categories used by elementary school children, 75 children in grades one through six were asked to complete a puzzle by placing each of three identical triangles on a drawing of a fish, one on the dorsal, one on the ventrai, and one on the tail. A piece of Velcro was attached to the back of two triangles. The third piece contained no Velcro backing and hence would not adhere to the puzzle. The chidren were requested to ask their teacher for an additional piece of the material, but were not told the name of the material. It was hypothesized that as age increased, so would the number of descriptive categories used. Their verbal requests to the teacher were categorized according to 24 possible relational categories. An analysis of grade level and sex revealed no developmental trends as to the number or type of categories used. An analysis of their responses to
ED 252 906 CS 504 816 Copeland, Gary A. Davis, Donald M. Political and Social Issues as Predictors of Attending to Religious Broadcasts. Pub Date-5 Apr 84 Note-15p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meet ing of the Southern Speech Communication Asso ciation (Baton Rouge, LA, April 4-7, 1984). Pub Type— Reports - Research (143) — Speeches/ Meeting Papers (150) EDRS Price - MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. Descriptors--Comparative Analysis, *Mass Media Effects, *Political Attitudes, Political Issues, Political Socialization, Public Opinion, *Religion, *Television Research Identifiers—* Audience Analysis, *Religious Broad casting Acknowledging fears of electronic church critics that audiences will adopt the conservative political messages espoused by evangelical broadcasters, a study was conducted to determine the political and social issues that best predict attendance to religious broadcasts. A secondary analysis was conducted of existing data from a statewide telephone survey of residents of Alabama. Interviewees in the survey were questioned about political beliefs, attitudes, and knowledge; race relations; religious orientation; media use; and demographic information. A pool of 20 items dealing with political and social issues, political anomie, and racial attitudes was selected for possible use as predictor variables in the discriminant analysis. The results of the analysis indicated that fundamentalist issues, political distrust, political power, and political knowledge tended to be the areas of distinction between viewers and nonviewers of religious broadcasts. Viewers tended to be more opposed to the Equal Rights Amendment, pornography, and abortion than did nonviewers. Viewers also favored prayer in school and gun control more strongly than did nonviewers. There appeared to be a sense of political estrangement among viewers, who found politics and government more complicated and legislators losing touch with them. At the same time, viewers had a greater sense that political power wielded at the ballot box is the only way of controlling the political process. Nonviewers tended to exhibit greater political knowledge than did viewers. (HTH)
One in a series on the status and progress of studies on the nature of speech, instrumentation for its investigation, and practical research applications, this document contains 17 research reports. Topics discussed in the reports are as follows: (1) dynamic modeling of phonetic structure; (2) coarticulation as a component in articulatory description; (3) contextual effects on lingual-mandibular coordination; (4) the timing of articulatory gestures; (5) the onset of voicing in stuttered and fluent utterances; (6) phonetic information integrated across intervening nonlinguistic sounds; (7) parameters of spectral/temporal fusion in speech perception; (8) monitoring for vowels in isolation and in a consonantal context; (9) the perception of /1/ and /r/ by native speakers of Japanese; (10) a theoretical note on speech timing; (11) reconciling monophthongal vowel percepts and continuously varying F patterns; (12) synergies-stabilities, instabilities, and modes; (13) repetition and comprehension of spoken sentences by reading disabled children; (14) spelling proficiency and sensitivity to word structure; (15) effects of phonological ambiguity on beginning readers of Serbo-Croatian; (16) verticality unparalleled; and (17) reiterant speech production. (HOD) ED 252 908 CS 504 818 How Can the Federal Government Best Decrease Poverty in the United States? National Debate Topic for High Schools, 1984-1985, Pursuant to Public Law 88-246. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Congressio nal Research Service. Report No.-S-98-25 Pub Date—84 Note—855p.; Contains many pages of small print. Pub Type - Guides - Non-Classroom (055) Books (010) EDRS Price - MF05/PC35 Plus Postage. Descriptors—*Debate, *Federal Government, *Government Role, High Schools, Living Standards, Persuasive Discourse, *Poverty, *Public Policy, Quality of Life, Social Problems, Speech Communication Identifiers—*National Debate Topic Designed to facilitate research, preparation, and presentation of arguments for the national debate topic, this manual summarizes trends in poverty over the past 24 years, examines reasons for changes in the rate of poverty, discusses demographic characteristics of the poverty population, and analyzes methods used to calculate the number of poor Americans. The volume begins with a collection of articles and excerpts from books that present a general background on poverty and issues surrounding potential government policies directed at reducing poverty. Subsequent parts are devoted to each of three debate propositions: that the federal government should (1) guarantee a minimum annual cash income to all United States citizens, (2) adopt a negative income tax to assist all citizens living in poverty, and (3) provide employment for all employable citizens living in poverty. The manual concludes with a guide to information sources and brief bibliographies of selected additional readings and available government publications. (HTH) ED 252 909 CS 504 820 Vartabedian, Robert A. And Others The “Daily Oklahoman” and Persuasion in the Early 1980 Presidential Campaign and A Re sponse by Paul D. Harper. Pub Date—84 Note—26p. Journal Cit-Journal of the Oklahoma Speech-The atre-Communication Association; n7 p27-49 Fall 1984 Pub Type- Reports - Research (143) - Journal Articles (080) EDRS Price - MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. Descriptors—Community Influence, Comparative Analysis, *Conservatism, *Content Analysis, *Editorials, Mass Media Effects, *Media Research, *Newspapers, Persuasive Discourse, *Pol itics, Press Opinion, Public Opinion Identifiers—Democratic Party, Editorial Policy, * Political Campaigns, Republican Party A content analysis was conducted of 203 editorials from the “Daily Oklahoman” from the first six months of the 1980 presidential campaign. The analysis was based on two assumptions: (1) the tone of the 1980 presidential campaign essentially was set after only six months of official campaigning, and (2) the “Daily Oklahoman” editorial page, which often relies on nationally syndicated conservative columnists, reflected the conservative trend
ED 252 907 CS 504 817 Studdert Kennedy, Michael, Ed. O'Brien, Nancy, Ed. Speech Research: A Report on the Status and Progress of Studies on the Nature of Speech, Instrumentation for Its Investigation, and Prac tical Applications, July 1-December 31, 1984. Haskins Labs., New Haven, Conn. Spons Agency-National Institutes of Health (DHHS), Bethesda, Md.; National Inst. of Child Health and Human Development (NIH), Bethesda, Md.; National Inst. of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke (NIH), Bethesda, Md.; National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C.; Office of Naval Research, Washington, D.C. Report No.-SR-79/80-(1984) Pub Date-84 Contract-NICHHD-NO1-HD-1-2420; ONR N00014-83-K-0083 Grant—NICHHD-H-16591; NICHHD-HD01994; NIHBRS-RR-05596; NINCDS-NS13617; NINCDS-NS-13870; NINCDS-NS 18010; NSF-BNS-8111470 Note-258p. Pub Type - Reports - Research (143) EDRS Price - MF01/PC11 Plus Postage. Descriptors-Adults, * Articulation (Speech), *Communication Research, Elementary Secondary Education, Japanese, *Language Research, Learning Disabilities, * Listening Comprehension, *Phonetics, Reading Difficulties, Second Languages, Serbocroatian, *Speech Communication, *Speech Handicaps, Speech Pathology, Speech Skills, Spelling, Vowels
skilled in helping parties solve their problems. With the increasing dissatisfaction with the formal justice system, mediation has been established as another alternative to resolving disputes because of its unique features. Unlike the adjudication or arbitration process, the mediation conference is conducted informally: rather than by examination, the facts are gathered in a narrative fashion; contrary to formal legal procedure, the rules do not apply. Finally, except for the mediation contract, no record is kept of the mediation session. Each disputant is encouraged to participate fully in each step of the process and the sole responsibility of the mediator is to assist the parties in developing a mutually satisfying solution to the grievance. Skilled in communication strategies, the mediator must be able to help the disputants improve their own communication skills. This can be done in a variety of ways, all geared toward structuring the environment for successful problem strategies. Since the late 1960s, over 200 mediation programs have sprung up across the country. Because speech communication specialists-particularly in the field of interpersonal communication-are human relations specialists, they may find mediation a new avenue for exercising their talents. (HOD)
that ultimately shaped the election. The analysis indicated that the total number of editorials concerning the three Democratic candidates (93) clearly surpassed the attention granted the eight Republication candidates (79). President Carter received almost half the Democratic editorials, and approximately one third of those were unfavorable. Edward Kennedy received the remaining Democratic editorials and nearly half of those were critical of him. No editorials examined the candidacy of Jerry Brown. Of the Republican editorials, John Anderson's 10 were mostly unfavorable, and George Bush's, for the most part, dealt with factual information, most often in a favorable tone. John Connally, Philip Crane, and Robert Dole received little or no editorial coverage. Ronald Reagan received a considerable amount of editorial analysis throughout the campaign, a total of 35 editorials, almost all favorable. The study concluded that editorial policy was clearly in favor of conservative candidates, often at the expense of moderates and liberals. (A response to the study by a communications faculty member examining problems in the assumptions and in the methodology is included). (HTH) ED 252 910 CS 504 821 Baker, David P. Tracing Consequences of Policy Action: A Basis for Disadvantage Arguments. Pub Date—84 Note-16p. Journal Cit—Journal of the Oklahoma Speech-The atre-Communication Association; n7 p75-89 Fall 1984 Pub Type - Opinion Papers (120) — Journal Arti cles (080) EDRS Price - MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. Descriptors—Comparative Analysis, *Debate, De cision Making, Goal Orientation, Higher Education, *Models, *Objectives, *Persuasive Discourse, *Policy Formation, *Speech Communication The growth in the popularity and importance of disadvantage arguments in debate has been, in some measure, due to the growing belief that debate should be viewed from a policy-making perspective. And, with the focus of contemporary debate shifting to the consequences of policy actions, there has been a concurrent increase in the sophistication of affirmative plans. Most affirmative teams not only carefully construct plans in order to avoid disadvantage arguments, but also tend to choose case areas that seem to be least prone to disadvantages. Thus, a policy optimization model can be useful to the debater for tracing the consequences of policy action. It allows the negative to place affirmative policies into the perspective of general goals so that specific sources of policy dysfunction may be discovered. By using the bell-shaped benefit curves and valley-shaped cost curves, a policy can be determined to be at its optimal level when the policy reaches a point that is at the greatest distance between costs and benefits. This implies that a policy designed to achieve a given objective may be adopted in varying degrees or that different policies may be adopted along a continuum of effect toward a goal. By using the model, policy actions can be compared to the desired objectives of the policy. If it can be agreed that a goal can be achieved in varying degrees and that there are desirable limits of policy effect, then the further application of this model will serve to clarify many sources of policy dysfunction. (HOD)
ED 252 912 EA 016 193 The Culture of an Effective School. Research Action Brief Number 22. ERIC Clearinghouse on Educational Management, Eugene, Oreg. Spons Agency–National Inst. of Education (ED), Washington, DC. Pub Date—Feb 84 Contract—400-83-0013 Note-5p. Available from-Publication Sales, ERIC Clearing house on Educational Management, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403 (single issues free). Pub Type— Information Analyses - ERIC Informa tion Analysis Products (071) EDRS Price - MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. Descriptors-Academic Achievement, Behavior Modification, Educational Change, *Educational Environment, *Educational Objectives, Educational Philosophy, Educational Quality, Elementary Secondary Education, *Leadership, Leadership Qualities, Learning, Norms, Organizational Development, *Principals, *School Ef fectiveness, School Role, Values Identifiers—*Effective Schools Research Effective schools have staffs that stress the importance of educational goals and have a well-defined mission. They also clearly communicate the expectation that all students can and will reach the stated goals. Reviews of studies of exemplary schools find that the principals express high expectations for both teacher and student performance, while the teachers have high expectations for their students. Effective schools have a climate conducive to student attainment, whereas declining schools project a negative climate and a belief that students cannot attain educational goals. An orderly learning environment is another important factor in effective schools and further reflects a positive school attitude and climate. The most consistent finding in school effectiveness research is the importance of the principal's strong leadership role. The principal sets the tone for the school and reinforces the positive school climate. Since schools are distinguished by a complex set of cultural processes, the modification of this "culture" in ineffective schools is not a simple matter. One effective method for improvement is the use of organizational development techniques specifically designed to alter the norms of an organization. Behavior modification techniques can also be used to alter a school's norms. A body of literature geared to the “cultural” view of school change has recently emerged; "Creating Effective Schools” by Wilbur Brookover is recommended to school principals as a source of guidelines for improving a school. (MD) ED 252 913 EA 017 260 Teacher Collegiality. The Best of ERIC on Educa tional Management Number 78. ERIC Clearinghouse on Educational Management, Eugene, Oreg. Spons Agency–National Inst. of Education (ED), Washington, DC.
Pub Date—Jan 85 Contract—400-83-0013 Note-5p. Available from—Publication Sales, ERIC Clearing- house on Educational Management, University of Oregon, 1787 Agate Street, Eugene, OR 97403 (free). Pub Type— Information Analyses - ERIC Informa tion Analysis Products (071) - Reference Materials - Bibliographies (131) EDRS Price - MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. Descriptors—Annotated Bibliographies, Evaluation Methods, *Interprofessional Relationship, Participative Decision Making, *Peer Evaluation, * Practicum Supervision, Teacher Attitudes, Teacher Effectiveness, *Teacher Evaluation, Teacher Improvement, Teacher Influence, Teacher Motivation, Teacher Participation, *Teacher Supervision Identifiers-ERIC This brochure provides brief descriptions of 11 recent documents and journal articles selected from the ERIC database by the ERIC Clearinghouse on Educational Management (University of Oregon), all on the broad topic of teacher collegiality. The works reviewed are as follows: "A New Model for Professionalizing Teacher Evaluation," by John R. Ban and John R. Soudah (from “Peabody Journal of Education”); “Using Observation to Improve Your Teaching," by Jere Ē. Brophy; "Reflective Teaching as a Strategy for Teacher Growth,” by Donald R. Cruickshank and Jane H. Applegate (from “Educational Leadership”); “The Collegial Evaluation Program: A Manual for the Professional Development of Teachers (Field Test Edition)," by Sanford M. Dornbusch and others; “Peer Observation: A Means for Supervisory Acceptance," by Elmer C. Ellis and others (from "Educational Leadership"); "It Takes One to Know One-Advocating Colleagues as Evaluators,” by Donald R. Grossnickle and Thomas W. Cutter (from "NASSP Bulletin”); “Looking for Good Teaching: A Guide to Peer Observation," by Barbara B. Helling; "Collegial Support: An Alternative to Principal-Led Supervision of Instruction," by Jerrold D. Hopfengardner and Ronald Walker (from "NASSP Bulletin”); “Peer Observation Improves Teacher Performance,” by Christopher Lempesis (from "NASSP Bulletin"); “Peer Clinical Supervision: Theory vs. Reality," by Shirley A. McFaul and James M. Cooper, reviewed along with two responses by Lee F. Goldsberry and Robert J. Krajewski, respectively (from "Educational Leadership"); and "On Models of Supervision in General and on Peer-Clinical Supervision in Particular,” by John C. Thompson III. Bibliographic citations and ERIC accession numbers are provided for each entry. (TE) ED 252 914 EA 017 327 Roberts, Jane M. E. Newcombe, Ellen I. Supervision: Practice and Preference in the State of Maryland. Research for Better Schools, Inc., Philadelphia, Pa. Spons Agency-Maryland State Dept. of Education, Baltimore.; National Inst. of Education (ED), Washington, DC. Pub Date—Sep 84 Note—95p.; Appendixes and some tables may re produce poorly due to small print. Pub Type - Reports - Research (143) EDRS Price - MF01/PC04 Plus Postage. Descriptors—Educational Administration, Elemen tary Secondary Education, *Evaluation, *Instructional Improvement, Organizational Development, Questionnaires, School Districts, Superintendents, Surveys, *Teacher Supervision Identifiers—*Maryland Results of a study of practices and preferences in teacher supervision and evaluation in Maryland public schools are reported. The study surveyed supervisory practices in 24 local education agencies (LEA's) through a survey questionnaire and a literature search. The report identifies 18 key findings and issues relating to supervision, including the following: (1) The larger the district, the more teachers are supervised by any one supervisor. (2) More attention is paid to the “means” of data collection than to the “end” of instructional improvement. (3) In practice, assistant supervisors, central office supervisors, and school-based supervisors rarely have a common understanding of the purpose, philosophy, and process of supervision. (4) Supervisors prefer to be independent and want to develop greater expertise in using relevant research. The study also found a wide range of perspectives, expertise, and approaches in locally developed materials for super
ED 252 911 CS 504 823 MacPherson, Bernadette M. Mediation: The Application of Interpersonal Skills in a Legal Setting. Pub Date—Nov 83 Note-11p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meet ing of the Speech Communication Association (69th, Washington, DC, November 10-13, 1983). Pub Type- Opinion Papers (120) – Speeches/ Meeting Papers (150) EDRS Price - MF01 Plus Postage. PC Not Avail able from EDRS. Descriptors—*Arbitration, *Conflict Resolution, Court Litigation, *Grievance Procedures, *Human Relations, Interpersonal Communication, *Interpersonal Relationship, Problem Solving, *Speech Communication Identifiers—*Mediation Like other types of dispute resolution, mediation brings the parties in conflict together to solve their problems. It provides a fresh perspective by introducing a third party who is entirely neutral and is
vision and evaluation. While diversity may be appropriate, the researchers felt there should be cohesion with an LEA and stronger evidence of activity to improve instructional practice. LEA's may benefit from applying a process of interactive strategic planning, improving coordination, reducing organizational complexity, and focusing on improvement of supervision. Included are 20 tables and a 4-page bibliography. Ten appendixes provide summaries of models of supervision study. (MD) ED 252 915 EA 017 370 Levin, Henry M. Costs and Cost-Effectiveness of Computer-Assisted Instruction. Stanford Univ., Calif. Inst. for Research on Educa tional Finance and Governance. Spons Agency–National Inst. of Education (ED), Washington, DC. Report No.-ÍFG-PR-84-A21 Pub Date—Sep 84 Note—38p. Available from-IFG Publications, CERAS Build ing 4028, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 (Order No. 84-A21; $2.00). Pub Type - Reports - Evaluative (142) EDRS Price - MF01/PC02 Plus Postage. Descriptors—*Academic Achievement, Adults, Class Size, *Computer Assisted Instruction, Computers, Computer Software, *Cost Effectiveness, *Costs, Cross Age Teaching, Elementary Education, Extended School Day, Input Output Devices, Mathematics Skills, *Microcomputers, *Minicomputers, Peer Teaching, Reading Skills, School Districts, Tutoring The purpose of this paper is to examine what is known about the costs and cost-effectiveness of computer-assisted instruction (CAI) by presenting an appropriate cost methodology, applying it to CAI, and exploring the validity of four popular assumptions. These assumptions are: (1) that computer hardware accounts for most of the cost of delivering CAI; (2) that drastic declines in future costs of computers will create similar reductions in CAI; (3) that networks of microcomputers used for CAI are less costly than minicomputers with similar capabilities; and (4) that CAI has been found to be more cost effective than other instructional alternatives. The first three assumptions are directly contradicted by the available evidence. With respect to cost-effectiveness in raising student achievement in mathematics and reading, CAI was found to be more cost-effective than reducing class size, increasing the length of the school day, or adult tutoring, but considerably less cost-effective than peer tutoring. A bibliography of 11 citations is appended. (Author/MLF)
is a prime example; there, tax reforms that would have drastically cut education support were successfully defeated. A number of other states have mobilized support for education, but the trend is not uniform. Support for education has decreased in many states. Some educators question whether there is a direct correlation between spending and academic achievement. Others suggest that schools should be run like businesses for maximum savings. Some fear that the search for excellence has reduced the commitment to educational equity, while others argue for a radical restructuring of educational finance through tax credits or tuition vouchers. Perhaps the realization of America's declining position in world markets provides the best hope that the educational excellence movement will have a permanent impact on education. (MD) ED 252 917 EA 017 387 Elementary School Finance Manual. National Catholic Educational Association, Wash ington, D.C. Pub Date-84 Note-135p.; Produced through the joint efforts of the Department of Elementary Schools and the Office of Development. Available from Publication Sales, National Catho lic Educational Association, 1077 30th Street, N.W., Suite 100, Washington, DC 20007 ($10.00 prepaid; quantity discounts). Pub Type- Guides - Non-Classroom (055) — Col lected Works - General (020) EDRS Price - MF01/PC06 Plus Postage. Descriptors—* Accounting, Administration, Bud gets, *Catholic Schools, Cost Estimates, Donors, *Educational Finance, Elementary Education, Endowment Funds, Expenditures, Fund Raising, Income, Investment, Money Management, Planning, Private Schools, Salaries, *Tuition, Volunteers Developed to assist those responsible for financial matters in Catholic elementary schools, this manual presents each topic briefly and simply, taking into account administrators' minimal formal financial training. It is divided into six sections. Chapter 1, “Daily Financial Operations,” describes the specifics of handling receipts, billings, and expenditures, and gives examples of double- and single-entry accounting systems. An appendix illustrates the systems outlined. Chapter 2, “The Annual Budget,” outlines the steps involved in preparing budgets and includes four appendixes. “Tuition," chapter 3, provides a detailed discussion of the pricing formula and time of collection along with five appendixes with sample forms. “Long Range Planning," chapter 4, delineates the differing roles and responsibilities of the pastor, principal, and school board in planning development, and includes eight appendixes. Chapter 5, “Fundraising,” presents different fund-raising strategies and includes detailed examples. In chapter 6, “Steps Toward Development, the process involved in operating a development fund is outlined. (MD) ED 252 918 EA 017 388 Graeber, Anna 0. And Others Capacity Building for a School Improvement Pro gram, Achievement Directed Leadership. Research for Better Schools, Inc., Philadelphia, Pa. Pub Date—Dec 84 Note-187p. Pub Type- Reports - Evaluative (142) EDRS Price - MF01/PC08 Plus Postage. Descriptors—*Educational Strategies, Elementary Secondary Education, *Instructional Improvement, *Management Systems, Performance Factors, Program Development, Program Effectiveness, Program Evaluation, Program Implementation, *Research Utilization, *Staff De velopment, Systems Development Identifiers-Achievement Directed Leadership Program, *Capacity Building, Instructional Leadership, *Monitoring This report describes and evaluates efforts to enhance school districts' capacity to implement and institutionalize the monitoring and management system for an instructional leadership program called Achievement Directed Leadership (ADL). Chapter one introduces the report's methodology, limitations, and structure. Chapter two first states the purpose of ADL-to help educators use research findings to improve student achievement; then it identifies crucial variables in achievement and outlines a process for influencing these variables. Finally, the chapter describes five strategies used to build district capacity: allowing districts substantial
flexibility in implementation; planning, and orienting and training personnel, from the top down; using special activities to introduce innovations and build each district's organizational skills; providing onsite technical assistance; and directing activities toward long-term goals. Chapter three discusses the leadership plan for ADL, activities designed to sustain its implementation, and support materials. The next two chapters analyze the capacity-building process in three school districts. Chapter four discusses orientation, planning, and training; chapter five discusses implementation, evaluation, and institutionalization. Conclusions regarding each of the five strategies and conditions affecting implementation complete the report. Appendixes present a summary of data collection methods used, tables showing implementation patterns, and an interpretation on achievement gains. (MCG) ED 252 919 EA 017 390 Lawton, Stephen B. The Public Funding of Roman Catholic Secondary Schools in Ontario: Implications for Educational Finance. Ontario Inst. for Studies in Education, Toronto. Spons Agency–Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, Ottawa (Ontario). Pub Date-Nov 84 Grant—SSHRC-410-83-1229 Note-30p.; Paper presented at the OCLEA confer ence, “The Funding of Roman Catholic Secondary Schools: Issues and Implications" (Toronto, Ontario, Canada, November 8-10, 1984). Pub Type- Reports - Evaluative (142) Speeches/Meeting Papers (150) EDRS Price - MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. Descriptors—*Catholic Schools, *Educational Fi nance, Elementary Secondary Education, *Equalization Aid, Foreign countries, * Private School Aid, *Program Effectiveness, Program Evalua tion, School Funds, *State Aid, State Programs Identifiers—*Ontario The decision to extend the public funding of Roman Catholic schools to include grades 11 through 13 carries with it both minor and major implications for the finance and organization of elementary and secondary education in Ontrario. If the school grant plan is to be successfully adopted, the following issues need immediate attention: (1) the definition of separate and public ratepayers; (2) the level of funding for grades 9 and 10 in the separate schools; (3) the adequacy and impact of grants for small schools and school boards; and (4) the short-term implementation costs as they relate to the exchange of staff, students, buildings, and other capital assets between boards. Major implications of this decision include the following points: (1) the long-term effects of the technical details of how education is financed can be substantial; (2) policymakers should therefore act knowingly; (3) policymakers should move with restraint, evaluating the effects of decisions as change occurs; and (4) policymakers must be concerned with the extent to which the economic prosperity of the Golden Horseshoe area of Ontario is utilized, for this might endanger the area's ability to drive the economy of Ontario and Canada. (DCS) ED 252 920 EA 017 397 Unruh, W. R. Johnson, F. T. ASTA Workshop on the Changing Role of the Principal. Alberta Dept. of Education, Edmonton. Planning Services Branch. Pub Date-Jun 83 Note—73p.; Portions of text are printed on colored paper. Pub Type - Reports - Research (143) EDRS Price - MF01/PCO3 Plus Postage. Descriptors—*Administrator Role, Elementary Secondary Education, *Evaluation, Foreign Countries, Individual Needs, *Principals, Pro gram Effectiveness, Questionnaires, *Workshops Identifiers—* Alberta This report presents results from an evaluation of a series of workshops on the role and function of the school principal, held in Alberta, Canada in 1983. The workshops were designed to assist school systems in defining the role and function of principals as a step toward developing policies for implementing changes related to the principalship. The evaluation consisted of administering a series of three questionnaires to participants of the workshops as well as onsite observations made by the evaluators while attending the workshops. The evaluators found that the workshops were well-received and
ED 252 916 EA 017 372 Benderson, Albert Financing Excellence in Public Education. Focus 13. Educational Testing Service, Princeton, N.J. Pub Date—84 Note—29p. Available from-Publication Order Services, Edu cational Testing Service, Department 1-101, Princeton, NJ 08541-0001 ($1.25; quantity dis counts). Pub Type- Reports - Evaluative (142) EDRS Price - MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. Descriptors-Academic Achievement, Block Grants, Educational Administration, *Educational Finance, Educational Quality, Educational Vouchers, Elementary Secondary Education, *Equal Education, *Federal Aid, Finance Reform, Futures (of Society), Government School Relationship, Minority Groups, Poverty, Private Schools, Property Taxes, *Retrenchment, State Aid, Tax Credits, Tuition, Urban Schools Identifiers—*Excellence in Education, *Nation at Risk (A) “A Nation at Risk” and other recent reports have focused public attention on excellence in education. During the same period, the federal government has cut aid to education by almost 20 percent and consolidated federal funding into block grant programs, which some critics have claimed are less efficient than programs before consolidation. Tax reforms in 19 states limited growth of state spending or taxation between 1976 and 1981. Given this backdrop of taxpayer revolts and cuts in federal aid, the prognosis for financing the recommended educational reforms seems grim. Campaigns to raise voter consciousness have overcome voter resistance to raise school taxes in some areas. The Ohio 1983 election |
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