Volume 23, Issue 5, September 1994, Pages 477-486  https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-7333(94)01001-3Get rights and content Technology innovation is widely recognised as a critical means in tackling climate change and fulfilling energy policy objectives. The objective of this paper is twofold: first, to provide a descriptive analysis of innovation in energy technology across countries and sectors and over time; and second, to explore the determining factors of patented knowledge diffusion of energy technologies by distinguishing between renewables and other energy patents, i.e., fossil and nuclear patents) thorough a regression analysis. The data employed in this paper consists of an original database on renewables and other energy patents applied by firms in the period 1990–2015 and contained in PATSTAT. By drawing on patent citations as an indicator of knowledge diffusion and focusing on characteristics extracted from patent documents, a set of econometric models is estimated. Our results show that those patents containing more citations to previous scientific literature and patents attain greater diffusion. Joint patents with other firms or universities exert a negligible effect on technology regarding renewables. Co-ownership with universities has a negative effect on the diffusion of other types of energy technology. Several policy implications can be determined from our results: for example, the justification for policies oriented towards enhancing the incorporation of scientific knowledge and co-inventorship in energy innovation. Despite scholars’ high interest in identifying inventions that have a big impact, little attention has been devoted to investigating what drives how (fast) novel technologies embodied in these inventions are re-used in subsequent inventions. We overcome this limitation by empirically identifying novel technologies, mapping their re-use trajectories, and examining the characteristics of the novel technologies affecting trajectories’ shape. Using patent data, we identify on a large scale novel technologies as new combinations of existing technological components. The first invention using the new combination marks the origin of the trajectory, while all the subsequent inventions re-using the same new combination shape the technological trajectory. In our study sample, we identify 10,782 technological trajectories. For each of these trajectories, we identify its take off time and its maximum technological impact, as defined by its maximum number of follow-on inventions. We find that an S-shaped curve provides high goodness of fit for our trajectories, but that there is substantial heterogeneity in take off time and maximum technological impact. In searching for the antecedent characteristics of the novel technologies shaping their trajectories, we find that complex novel technologies resulting from combining dissimilar technological components with strong science-based content are associated with trajectories showing a long take off time but with a high technological impact. In contrast, combining similar components that are familiar to inventors, results in a short take off time but a low technological impact. We explored the interactions between papers and patents by studying cross-citations between journal papers and technical patents concerning CRISPR/CAS9, an emerging research topic. We found that the knowledge flow from patents to papers was weaker than that from papers to patents, while the knowledge flow of papers–papers and patents–patents were faster than that between papers and patents. From 2013 to 2017, the science cycle time (SCT) value of journal papers was 4.23, while their technology cycle time (TCT) value was 6.29. The SCT value of patents was 9.56, while their TCT value was 4.88. The science linkage value and technology linkage value between papers and patents was 82.39 and 0.012, respectively. T-tests indicated that the interaction between papers and patents was significant. Although there are many paper citations by patents, the distribution of paper citations was more scattered than patent citations by patents. Examining the paper and patent hybrid documents co-citation revealed that papers’ references contained five topics, while patents’ references contained only three. “Technological innovation” has become a catch phrase of contemporary policy making for governments, corporations and academic organizations. For many it has become an article of faith that technological innovation is the key to solving energy transition and environmental problems, but the formula for success is not obvious. The phrase “science and technology” rolls off the tongues of energy related policymakers, managers and researchers spontaneously, as if this is the natural order of things, but why is the converse phrase “technology and science” so rarely encountered? The popular view appears to be that energy technology is applied energy science, or that technological change in the field of energy technologies flows naturally from scientific progress. However, what if popular preconceptions about the relationship between science and technology in the energy field are misplaced? This paper addresses the question of the fundamental relationship between technology and science by first analyzing historical cases of two representative energy-conversion technologies, then reviewing pertinent literature from the field of science, technology and society (STS) studies, and finally investigating empirically the nature of the relationship using statistical data analysis. It draws policy-making implications for investment in energy technology and science. We propose the hypothesis of technology-conditioned science as a plausible and credible counterweight to extant commonplace presumptions that science is the precursor of low-carbon energy-conversion technologies. The ‘doing-using-interacting’ (DUI) mode of innovation describes informal innovative activities and it can be juxtaposed with the ‘science-technology-innovation’ (STI) mode based on deliberate research and development. While both modes contribute substantially but differently to technological progress, our empirical understanding of DUI mode innovative activity suffers from the lack of a comprehensive measurement approach. While empirical measurement of the STI mode is well established, empirical indicators for DUI activities are scarce and no consensus has emerged concerning its constituting learning processes. We propose a new measurement conception for innovative activity and based on 81 in-depth interviews with German firms and regional innovation consultants. We derive fifteen categories of DUI mode learning processes and a comprehensive set of 47 indicators comprising both established and new DUI indicators for empirical measurement. This new measurement conception and the respective indicators provide a holistic perspective and their application can be used to increase our understanding of the importance of DUI mode innovative activity, as well as guiding policy-makers. The present paper aims at understanding whether and under which circumstances leveraging scientific knowledge helps teams to develop technologies that can be applied to diverse domains (i.e., more general purpose technologies). Specifically, the relationship between the presence of scientists within inventing teams and the generality of the technologies they create is examined. Furthermore, we asses if the degree of team internationalization and the extent of team experience impact the above-mentioned relationship. We develop a set of hypotheses and test them on a sample of 5,390 patents belonging to the aerospace sector and granted by the USPTO. Our results outline that the presence of scientists within inventing teams is negatively related to the development of more general purpose solutions. In addition, we highlight that this negative effect is mitigated when scientists work within an international team, while it is amplified when scientists repeatedly work together. Was there a Darwinian Revolution and was it but part of the Scientific Revolution? Before Thomas Kuhn's Structure of Scientific Revolutions in 1962, most people thought that there was a Darwinian Revolution, that it was in some sense connected to the Scientific Revolution, but that neither question nor answer was terribly interesting. Then revolutions in science became a matter of intense debate, not so much about their very existence but about their nature. Was there a switch in world-views? Did the facts change? What was the importance of social groups? And so forth. Recently however some students of the history of science have started to argue that the very questions are misconceived and that there cannot have been a Darwinian Revolution and its relationship to the Scientific Revolution is imaginary because there are no such revolutions in science! This paper takes a sympathetic look at these issues, concluding that there is still life in the revolution-in-science issue, that Kuhn's book was seminal and still has things of importance to say, but that matters are more complex and more interesting than we thought back then. Nanotechnology is increasingly receiving attention, as the small size of nanocarriers show enhanced properties like high reactivity, strength, surface area, stability, etc. Nanoscale level characterization of nanocarriers presents unique physical, chemical, and biological properties compared to their respective particles at higher scales. To elucidate their physicochemical properties, understanding the nanocarrier structure is important, which greatly influences their behavior in the body at molecular and systemic levels. USFDA has set, or is currently developing, some standard characterization methods for nanomaterials (ISO 22412, ASTME 2859-11). Moreover, to expedite the transition of benchtop efforts to clinically effective products, it is necessary to employ adequate methods to characterize nanocarriers, to correlate their effects and biological consequences, and to predict the therapeutic outcomes in clinical subjects at an early stage of product development. This chapter focuses on various critical quality attributes, methods, and sophisticated instruments available for nanoparticulate characterization for researchers to explore the nanoworld. This is a comparative study on Brazilian and Portuguese science teachers’ conceptions about science and cultural diversity awareness. Interviews before and after the TE-CD course revealed differences between teachers of both countries, which may be associated to their previous teacher training and social context. This preliminary study showed that further research in both countries is of paramount importance in order to elucidate in more detail the differences not only between the science teachers’ conceptions about science but also between their teacher training. This can contribute to improve science teacher training curriculum in both countries, with special reference to cultural diversity. This research aimed to study concepts of nature of science (NOS) and attitudes toward teaching NOS. The participants were the first year master degree students in science education program who enrolled in 232711 history and philosophy in science, academic year of 2010. The intervention provides the explicit NOS instruction to draw the key aspect of the NOS through discussion and written work following engagement in hands-on activities based on inquiry cycle (5Es). The intervention include eight lesson plan (16 hours) The 1st – 7th lesson plan allowed students to learn science based on inquiry cycle (5Es) with reflected the learning activity they done to clarify the issues related to the nature of science. The 8th lesson plan, the activity of puzzling box allowed student teachers to come explicitly up with the nature of science. Participants’ concept of NOS and attitudes toward teaching was examined through adapted version of VOSE questionnaire after the invention. The findings revealed that in-service teachers perceived some issues of NOS concept and held positive attitude toward some issues of teaching NOS. Scientific knowledge is the common heritage of humankind. It is the only this treasure of humankind that can provide a possible remedy to conquer inequality and to bring about an acceptable quality of life and a purpose, for a majority of the people of the world. A case should be made for science and science education in the developing world, a case for optimal support for science and education even in the poorest and the least-developed of the countries of the world. Some of the main problems that should be overcome for a sustainable and proper science education are; Inadequate teacher compensation and professional development to attract, prepare and retain high-quality teachers, Insufficient number of science and technology teachers’ taking active role in the preparation of the programs, The insufficient in-service training of the science teacher in the transition state of a new program, Compartmentalized subjects taught by teachers isolated within and across departments, Students generally lack motivation and have low self confidence in learning, Persistent achievement gaps in science and math among many student subgroups, demographic changes, The huge numbers of the students in the class, The informational education orienting students towards only exam achievement, The broken link with other lessons, Insufficient physical conditions of schools (less laboratory opportunities), •The intensive curriculum but insufficient time allocation for science education and •The instruction of lesson in an information level and students in passive position (only listening and writing), teachers in active position (writing on the board and teaching in a classical way), In this paper, the problems of challenges for science education and soultions to overcome these problems are presented. The lack of epistemological role of science is emphasized and the productive use of history and philosophy of science is proposed in science education. Multinational enterprise (MNE) location decisions are central to international business (IB) scholarship and research shows that global cities are key MNE investment locations. Despite growing awareness of their importance to MNEs, most literature on global cities resides outside the IB domain. To provide IB scholars with a foundation to advance global city research, we conduct a multi-disciplinary review of top journal articles organized into three themes: the nature of global cities, MNE strategic decisions in global cities, and outcomes of MNE investment in global cities. We use this framework to synthesize findings, discuss theoretical implications, and provide future research directions. |
What effect if any does the development of new areas of science and technology?
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