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Page 2

Factors related to migration that affect mental health12–23

PremigrationMigrationPostmigration
Adult
Economic, educational and occupational status in country of originTrajectory (route, duration)Uncertainty about immigration or refugee status
Disruption of social support, roles and networkExposure to harsh living conditions (e.g., refugee camps)Unemployment or underemployment
Trauma (type, severity, perceived level of threat, number of episodes)Exposure to violenceLoss of social status
Political involvement (commitment to a cause)Disruption of family and community networksLoss of family and community social supports
Uncertainty about outcome of migrationConcern about family members left behind and possibility for reunification
Difficulties in language learning, acculturation and adaptation (e.g., change in sex roles)
Child
Age and developmental stage at migrationSeparation from caregiverStresses related to family’s adaptation
Disruption of educationExposure to violenceDifficulties with education in new language
Separation from extended family and peer networksExposure to harsh living conditions (e.g., refugee camps)Acculturation (e.g., ethnic and religious identity; sex role conflicts; intergenerational conflict within family)
Poor nutritionDiscrimination and social exclusion (at school or with peers)
Uncertainty about future