What two tools did the philosophes believe are necessary to find out the truth of things

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Philosophy and Philosophers

Background essay Questions1. What two centuries were the centuries of the philosophes?

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2. What did the philosophes hope to accomplish?

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3. What two tools or skills did the philosophes believe are necessary tofind out the truth of things?

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4. What is another name for the Enlightenment period?

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5. How did Isaac Newton inspire the philosophes?

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Adam Smith, Age of Enlightenment

1. What two centuries were the centureis of the philosophes?

The late 17th and 18th centuries were the two centuries of the philosophes.

2. What did the philosophes hope to accomplish?

The philosophes hoped that they might be able to discover new ways to understand and improve their society. 

3. What two tools or skills did the philosophes believe are necessary to find out the truth of things?

Philosophes believed that nature is an excellent teacher and they believed in their confidence in people's ability to use reason and discover truths.

4. What is another name for the Enlightenment period? 

Another name for the Enlightenment period was the Age of Reason.

5. How did Isaac Newton inspire the philosophes?

Isaac Newton inspired the philosophes with his discoveries of the planets and his laws of the sky. They believed if he could discover that, they could discover universal laws.

6. Define these terms:

                  philosophe: Thinkers.

                  Natural law: Truths that people do not always recongnize.

                  Universal: Natural rules or laws that explain how people behave.

                  Social sciences: Acidemic disiplines concerned with the study of the social life of human groups and                   indivduals.

Timeline

1633- Galileo condemned by the Cathlioc Church for arguing that the sun is the center of the universe.

1687- Isaac Newton's Mathimatical Principles of Natural Philosophy becomes one of his several pioneering works of scientific inquiry.

1690- John Locke's influential Two Treaties on Civil Government is published.

1693- Salem witch trials take place in Massachusetts Bay Colony.

1733- Voltaire writes Letters Concering the English Nation.

1776- American colonies declare independence from the British monarchy. Adam Smith's important economics book The Wealth of Nations is published.

1789- The French Revolution occurs; the chaos and violence that followed within a few years is widely considered to be the end of the Enlightenment.

1792- Mary Wollstonescraft publishes A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.

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QuestionAnswer
What was another name for the Enlightenment Period?The Age of Reason
How did Sir Isaac Newton inspire the philosophers?Newton used observation and reason to determine that gravity operates on earth as well in outer space. They wanted to use his method to learn about human society. What two tools did the philosophers believe necessary to find out the truth of things?observation and reason. All truth comes from a combination of these two tools. What is natural law?truths and patterns in nature What does John Locke say about human equality? That creatures of the same species, including humans, are equal. What does J. Locke mean when he says that all men are naturally in a state of "perfect freedom...within the bounds of natural law?"People are free to live their lives within reason. What are the two branches of government that Locke says are the most important?Legislative and Executive. What happens in the Royal Exchange in London?People from all over the world trade good regardless of their religion. What is the "Invisible Hand" that A.Smith talks about?a force that somehow acts on the society so that if all individuals are pursing their own interest the interests of the whole society will be met. According to A. Smith who should make decisions about societies economy?The Individual. What war was happening at the time of M.Wollstonecraft's book about women?The French Revolution. How do women compare to men according to M. Wollenstonecraft?Women are ignorant of important kinds of knowledge and lacked desire or ambition. What is Wollenstonecraft's main idea?That for women to compete with men they must be educated and that education must focus on reason. In what was are the ideas of Locke, Voltarie, Smith, and Wollenstonecraft similar? To build a better nation and the importance of individuals.

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