Robert Katz identified three leadership skills called - technical skills, human skills, and conceptual skills as the basic personal skills essential for leadership. Leaders must possess these three skills that assist them in optimizing a leader's performance. Technical skills are related to the field, human skills are related to communicating with people and conceptual skills related to setting the vision.
The skills theory of leadership emerged as a prominent theory in 1955 when Robert Katz published his paper "Skills of an Effective Administrator" in the "Harvard Business Review." The research was based on Katz’s own first-hand observations of executives in the workplace and on field research in administration. He suggested in the paper that effective administration or leadership depends on three basic personal skills: technical, human, and conceptual. He identified these three skill areas as the most important skills that the executives had in common and used on a regular basis.
What are the three Skill Areas?
Katz identified three skills; technical, human, and conceptual as the basic personal skills essential for leadership. Technical skills related to the field, human skills related to communicating with people, and conceptual skills related to setting the vision.
Skill 1: Technical Skills:
As defined by Katz in 1955, ‘Technical skill is knowledge about and proficiency in a specific type of work or activity. It includes competencies in a specialized area, analytical ability, and the ability to use appropriate tools and techniques’. Technical skills play an essential role in producing the actual products a company is designed to produce. Having appropriate technical skills signifies that the person is competent and knowledgeable with respect to the activities specific to an organization, the organization’s rules and standard operating procedures, and the organization’s products and services.
Examples of Technical Skills:
For a Software Company the following skills or knowledge areas can be considered as technical skills; Knowledge of Unix/Linux Operating System, Java/C++/Perl Programming Language, MySQL/Oracle Database Management, XML - Extensible Markup Language, HTML Skills, etc.
In an accounting firm, the technical skills might include an understanding of generally accepted accounting principles, accounting principles, knowledge of commercial laws, knowledge of tax laws, etc.
Attributes of Technical Skills:
- Technical Skills refer to being knowledgeable proficient in a specific type of work or activity
- It is the ability to work with things
- Technical skill is proficiency, based on specific knowledge, in a particular area of work
- Technical skills are most important at lower and middle levels of management
- Technical skills are less important at upper/senior management levels
Skill 2: Human Skills:
As technical skills relate to the ability to working with things, similarly human skills relate to the ability to work with people. Human skills are people skills that enable the leader to work effectively with subordinates, peers, and superiors. It is the leader's expertise in interacting with others in a way that will enhance the successful completion of the task at hand. Consequently, leaders with higher levels of interpersonal skills are better able to adapt their own ideas to other people’s ideas, especially when this will aid in achieving organizational goals more quickly and efficiently. These leaders are more sensitive and empathetic to what motivates others, create an atmosphere of trust for their followers, and take others’ needs and motivations into account when deciding what to do to achieve organizational goals.
- Human skills refer to the ability to work with people
- It is being aware of one's own perspective on issues as well as the openness to hear and appreciate inputs of others on their perspectives
- Leaders adapt their own ideas incorporating good themes from those of others
- Create an atmosphere of trust where employees/followers can feel comfortable and empowered to contribute their best
- Human skills are important at all the three levels of management – Lower, Middle and Senior
Examples of Human Skills:
Some human skills that are generally considered important are effective communication (both verbal and written), motivating others, and creation a positive attitude, development of cooperation and team spirit, etc.
Skill3: Conceptual Skills:
As a leader grows higher in the organizational ladder, the expectations from him are to provide strategic direction, create the vision, and motivate the folks to dedicatedly pursue the organizational goals. These are Conceptual skills that allow the leader to think through and work with ideas. Leaders with higher levels of conceptual skills are good at thinking through the ideas that form an organization and its vision for the future.
- It is the ability to work with ideas and concepts
- Creating visions, strategic plans and setting direction
- These are cognitive, business, and strategic skills
- Ability to work easily with abstractions and hypothetical situations
- As leaders climb the career ladder, higher levels of conceptual leadership skills became necessary
- This skill is most important for top managers
- This skill is comparatively less important for middle managers
- This skill is least important for supervisory managers
- Necessary skill to climb the career ladder
Examples of Conceptual Skills:
Some conceptual skills that are generally considered important are creativity, decision making, wing to wing interconnectedness, thinking as a whole, strategic thinking, problem-solving, etc.
Like other leadership models, The Skills Model also has its inherent limitations because the development of many of the skills might be dependent on personal traits, and based on individual personalities it might be easier or difficult for a person to develop certain skills. This model also focuses on identifying the skills rather than clarifying why some skills influence the leadership process.
Page 2
David Kolb produced this popular model for learning in 1984. The model suggests four stages of learning which most learners go through in order to learn effectively. Leaming is itself a process of change. Something is added to our perception and prepared us for the next impression, which will change our understanding yet more, however minutely. The Kolb contribution is a significant one because it practically equates change and learning.
No video selected.
David Kolb's from Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio gave the model of "experiential learning" which states that humans learn continually, and, in the process, build particular strengths. He says that learning is all about having experiences and then reflects upon the experience that we have just had. We draw out some concepts and some principles from this reflection and test out the new concepts in new situations so that they become part of the ongoing experience. He described it in terms of four learning styles: Accommodating, Converging, Diverging, and Assimilating.
Kolb’s Living Experience
Kold is also a supporter of the theme of human becoming and what they become. He uses the word 'learning', and all these ideas come together and form a framework within which we can think about change and even learn to love it and welcome it. Laming is itself a process of change. Something is added to our perception and prepared us for the next impression, which will change our understanding yet more, however minutely.
What David Kolb is talking about is the normal scientific approach, where observations made are the normal scientific approach, where observations are made and reflected upon to yield theories from which hypotheses are derived and tested out in action, creating new events and experiences.
The first stage is concrete learning or concrete experience, where the learner encounters a new experience or reinterprets an existing experience. This could be where the learner is exposed to a new task or a new way of carrying out a project. This is followed by reflective observation, where the learner reflects on the experience on a personal basis. Following reflective observation is abstract conceptualization, where learners form new ideas or modify current abstract ideas, based on the reflections that arise from the reflective observation stage. The last stage is where the learner applies the new ideas to her surroundings to see if there are any modifications in the next appearance of the experience. By actively experimenting learns to associate what we have experienced with new ideas and innovations.
Change is learning
When you learn, you change. When you change, you learn. The Kolb contribution is a significant one because it practically equates change and learning. A book on change is therefore also a book about learning. Reginald Revans (1907–2003), a UK scientist and educational innovator who gave the “Action Laming framework” made a distinction with two little symbols L>C and C>L. If learning is represented by L and change represented by C then the first symbol means you are ahead in the game you are learning faster than things change. The second can spell disaster because things are changing faster than you are learning so that you are behind in the race. His contribution to our understanding of change management processes gives a central place to learning, both personal and institutional. Revans’ approach emphasizes the practical and moral significance of personal involvement in action and learning, as a means of resolving the intractable social and organizational problems that we find around us.
Revans is in harmony with Kolb in that his contribution of Action Learning is based on the concept that people learn more from reflection, discussion, and working together on real-life issues than from being lectured at. They learn from each other and the learning is relevant, and even when the classroom is being used for input, it is important to provide plenty of scope for learning in this way.
For a change initiative to succeed, project managers must effectively support those affected by the change during the project. Those grappling with the effects of change might need the training to tackle it effectively and we can use this framework to train people with different learning styles; to plan change communications; and to deal with team members who lack motivation; and more.
These perceptions of what is to be human can help us to take a positive approach to change and make it work to our advantage and to that of our enterprise. You are only really alive when you are changing. It is the essence of personal growth, it is the basis of relationships with other people, and without it, there is no learning and no progress.
Related Links
Creation Date Monday, 05 October 2020 Hits 2431