Besides fleas, lice, and ticks, a number of ectoparasites can affect cats. Some are common, some are rare, and some are seen more often in different regions of the country. Veterinary technicians should be aware of the many ectoparasites that can cause skin disease in cats, be proficient in performing the necessary diagnostic tests, and understand the various available treatment options in order to educate cat owners. It is important to note that many of the treatments used for ectoparasitic infestations are considered off-label; therefore, client consent should be obtained before beginning treatment with these products. Editor’s Note: This article was originally published in March 2016. Please use this content for reference or educational purposes, but note that it is not being actively vetted after publication. For the most recent peer-reviewed content, see our issue archive. OtoacariasisOtoacariasis, or otodectic mange, is the most common mite infestation in cats and is highly contagious.1 In younger cats, it is the most common cause of otitis externa.2 Otodectes cynotis mites are found primarily in the external ear canal, although they can also be seen around the face and neck. These mites can survive off the host for several days to months,2 with adults having a life span of about 2 months.3 Because transmission often occurs via direct contact during the neonatal period, otodectic mange is more commonly seen in kittens and young cats. Transient lesions have been reported in humans.4 DiagnosisClinical features of otoacariasis include otitis externa, which is usually bilateral and may have minimal to extensive, dark-brown to black ceruminous exudate (composed of cerumen, blood, and mite feces). Cats with this condition often have pruritus, which can be severe, with self-inflicted excoriations common. Diagnosis is made with microscopic evaluation of ear cytology, confirming the presence of the Otodectes mites (FIGURE 1). When the body is affected, skin scrapings may also be performed, although fewer mites are obtained with this method.1  FIGURE 1. Microscopic image of an Otodectes mite. Image courtesy of Dr. Sheila Torres at the University of Minnesota. Conditions to be ruled out include otitis caused by bacteria and/or yeast, pediculosis, notoedric mange, and chigger bites.2,3 TreatmentA number of standard topical otic and systemic products are used to treat otodectic mange. Treatment selection should take into account the number of animals that need to be treated, the severity of clinical signs, the patient’s temperament, and the owner’s ability and willingness to administer medication. All products should be used with caution in kittens. Treatment options include the following:
All in-contact animals should be treated. Ideally, the environment (including bedding and grooming equipment) should be cleaned using an acaricidal agent. TrombiculiasisTrombiculiasis is an infestation caused by chigger mites (Trombicula spp) and is typically seen in the summer and autumn. The mites live in rotting organic material, and their life cycle is completed in 50 to 70 days. Only the larval stage is parasitic and feeds on animals, including humans (in whom it can cause papular, pruritic lesions, often on the limbs and trunk). Clinical features of trombiculiasis in cats include erythema, hair loss, excoriations, erosions, scaling, and crusts. Areas involved are mainly on the head, occurring at the base of the pinnae, Henry’s pocket, and the neck. They can also be found around the digits of the feet. Pruritus is severe and persists even after the larvae are gone.1 DiagnosisAlthough the mites are not always present at the time of the examination, they can be observed with the naked eye, with a magnifying glass, or microscopically (removed from host and mixed with mineral oil on a microscope slide). They are orange-red and therefore can be easily distinguished from Otodectes mites. TreatmentTreatment of trombiculiasis requires 1 or 2 applications of a parasiticide. If pruritus is present, a short (2- to 3-day) course of corticosteroids may offer relief.3 Clients should be advised to treat the outdoor environment by removing yard debris and possibly using pesticide sprays and to prevent the cat from roaming outdoors. CheyletiellosisCheyletiellosis, a dermatosis caused by the parasitic mite Cheyletiella, is seen in cats (Cheyletiella blakei), dogs (Cheyletiella yasguri), and rabbits (Cheyletiella parasitivorax). It is a highly contagious disease and may be seen more often in young animals, as well as in cats living in shelters or catteries. The mite lives on the skin surface (in a pseudotunnel in epidermal debris) and typically affects the animal’s dorsal area. Cheyletiella mites are large and can appear as “dandruff” that is observed moving on the patient. The mites periodically attach to the epidermis and pierce the skin. Eggs are attached loosely to the hair. The life cycle is completed on the host in about 21 days.3 Although cheyletiellosis has zoonotic importance, the mites do not reproduce on humans. People in the household can be infested, which should be determined while obtaining the patient history. Humans may have skin irritation or a papular rash, which usually resolves once the cat and environment have been treated. Affected clients should be advised to seek advice from their physician. DiagnosisScales are the most common clinical sign. Other presentations are variable and may include erythema, papules, crusts, and hair loss. Cats may or may not be pruritic. Scales may be removed as a result of cats’ grooming behavior; therefore, this clinical sign may go unnoticed by the pet owner. Because Cheyletiella mites can be killed by flea products, the disease is diagnosed less often in temperate climates where year-round flea control is the norm.3,5 The mites may also be difficult to find because asymptomatic carriers exist, further allowing the incidence of this disease to be underestimated. The diagnosis is made by confirming the presence of mites or eggs, which can be accomplished through a variety of methods. Sometimes the mites can be found on direct examination of the patient using a handheld magnifying glass. Another method is to collect scale and hair, using a flea comb or acetate tape, and then examine the material collected with a magnifying glass or microscopically. A trichogram can also be performed to look for Cheyletiella eggs attached to the hair. Superficial skin scrapings can also be done. When performing superficial skin scrapings, using broad strokes over a large area will yield more success in finding mites. Fecal flotation may be used to identify mites or eggs that cats have ingested while grooming. Cheyletiella mites are easy to identify by their mouthparts, which terminate in hooks (FIGURE 2). If no mites are found on the patient, other pets in the household should be examined. Finally, if no mites or eggs are found, a therapeutic trial should be performed using miticidal therapy. If the patient fails to respond to this treatment, then cheyletiellosis may be ruled out as a diagnostic differential. FIGURE 2. Microscopic image of a Cheyletiella mite. Note the mouthparts that terminate in hooks. Image courtesy of Dr. Sheila Torres at the University of Minnesota. Other diagnostic differentials include diabetes mellitus and liver disease if seborrhea is present.3 Otherwise, flea bite hypersensitivity, notoedric mange, pediculosis, atopic dermatitis, and food hypersensitivity2 should be considered for cats that present with pruritus. TreatmentAlthough cheyletiellosis can be challenging to diagnose, it is fairly easy to treat in single-cat households and is curable. All in-contact pets should be treated and, in some cases (severe and/or chronic infestation, multiple pets in the household, affected humans in the household), environmental treatment is recommended.1 Although no veterinary products are labeled for the treatment of Cheyletiella dermatitis, a variety of topical and systemic drugs have been found to be effective. Topical products include the following:
BOX 1 Information for Clients About Lime Sulfur Dip Although lime sulfur dip is a very safe and effective treatment, it can be difficult to dip cats. The product is malodorous, will temporarily stain pets’ haircoat yellow, will stain porous surfaces (e.g., concrete), and will tarnish jewelry. Owners should be advised to wear gloves and protect eyes and skin from contact with the solution. Ideally, the dip application should be performed in a well-ventilated area. After dipping, the cat should be kept warm and allowed to dry naturally. To prevent accidental ingestion of dip solution, an Elizabethan collar may be used until the cat is dry. Cats with medium to long coats may be clipped to enable easier application and penetration of topical products. Systemic treatment involves ivermectin 300 mcg/kg SC every 2 weeks for 3 treatments4 or PO every 7 days for 6 treatments.5 If environmental treatment is needed, recommendations include cleaning and washing pet bedding, grooming equipment, toys, cat carriers, collars, and other pet items with hot water and spraying with insecticide spray.2,5 This cleaning regimen should be performed every 2 weeks throughout the treatment period. Any items that cannot be disinfected should be discarded. Although the mites are thought to die soon after leaving the host, it has been reported that mites may live off the host for 10 days or longer.2 Ideally, treatment should continue for 2 to 4 weeks after resolution of clinical signs. A recheck examination should be scheduled after 4 to 6 weeks of treatment. A physical examination should be performed and, if clinical signs persist and mites or eggs were found previously, diagnostic tests should be repeated. Moreover, the owner should be asked to describe his or her treatment regimen to determine whether recommendations were followed. If they were not, the veterinary technician should use this opportunity to provide additional client education for owners of patients that have not improved as anticipated. Notoedric MangeNotoedric mange (sometimes referred to as feline scabies) is caused by the Notoedres cati mite, which lives in the epidermis. N. cati is very contagious via direct contact and has a life cycle similar to that of Sarcoptes scabiei (17 to 21 days).1 Notoedric mange is a pruritic disease; signs often involve the face and pinnae (FIGURE 3) and can spread to the feet and perineum (possibly from cats’ grooming behavior and sleeping positions).3 FIGURE 3. Kitten with severe crusted lesions on the ears and neck due to Notoedres infestation. Image courtesy of Dr. Sheila Torres at the University of Minnesota. DiagnosisClinical features of notoedric mange include alopecia, erythema, scales, and crusting, which can become very thick and yellow to gray in color. Self-trauma from pruritus may also be seen, and these excoriations may become secondarily infected. Peripheral lymphadenopathy is common. Fortunately, N. cati is usually present in large numbers and can be found easily with a skin scraping.1 It is similar in appearance to Sarcoptes mites, but smaller. This mite also infests foxes, dogs, and rabbits,2,3 and humans may also have transient lesions. Notoedric mange is rare in some areas of the country and common in others.3 Conditions to rule out include otoacariasis, cheyletiellosis, atopic dermatitis, food hypersensitivity, pemphigus (foliaceus or erythematosus), and systemic lupus erythematosus.3 TreatmentTreatment options include:
All in-contact cats should be treated, and the environment should be cleaned with an acaricidal agent. Response is usually good provided all cats are treated and reexposure is prevented. DemodicosisDemodicosis is being recognized more often in cats and can be difficult to manage. Cats can have either localized or generalized demodicosis and can be infested with either the Demodex cati or Demodex gatoi mite. Additionally, a third, as yet unnamed Demodex mite has been identified (it resembles D. gatoi but is larger, with other anatomic differences).3 The localized form of demodicosis appears to be rare; generalized demodicosis may be more common in purebred Siamese and Burmese cats.1,3 Cats with diagnosed demodicosis should have a minimum database performed, including a complete blood count, serum biochemistry profile, fecal exam, feline leukemia virus (FeLV) test, and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) test. Often, an associated underlying immunosuppressive disease, such as FIV, FeLV, diabetes mellitus, hyperadrenocorticism, toxoplasmosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, or squamous cell carcinoma in situ is present in patients with generalized disease.3 DiagnosisD. cati is similar in appearance to Demodex canis (long, slender tail), lives in the hair follicles and sebaceous glands, and can be found in healthy cats as normal flora. The ova of this mite also differ in appearance from those of D. canis; D. cati ova are slimmer and oval versus the spindle-shaped D. canis ova. All other life stages are narrower. Clinical signs of D. cati infestation include alopecia, patchy erythema, scaling, crusting, and ceruminous otic discharge (especially in FIV-positive cats). These cats may or may not be pruritic; however, if pruritus is present, it can be intense. Demodicosis caused by D. cati typically affects middle-aged or older cats. When localized, the most common areas affected are the head and neck—specifically the pinnae, chin, and periocular areas. When generalized, the trunk and limbs may also be involved. The proliferation of mites may be related to an underlying systemic condition or immunosuppression. Multiple deep skin scrapings should be performed. Co-infestation with D. gatoi or the unnamed mite has been reported.3 D. gatoi is a short-bodied, more superficial mite that inhabits the stratum corneum. This species is considered contagious to other cats.6 Clinical signs of D. gatoi infestation are usually related to pruritus, which can be moderate to severe, and include alopecia (sometimes bilaterally symmetric; FIGURE 4), scaling, and excoriations. Pruritus may have a sudden onset and may not be responsive to steroids. Multiple superficial skin scraping samples should be obtained using broad strokes and may be more successful if taken from areas less likely to have been self-groomed by the patient. In patients that are nonpruritic, the mites are usually found. FIGURE 4. Bilaterally symmetric alopecia in a cat infested with Demodex gatoi. Image courtesy of Dr. Sheila Torres at the University of Minnesota. Other methods of diagnosis include tape prep samples and fecal flotation. When viewing skin scrapings microscopically, using a 10× objective with increased contrast will help to see the small, translucent mites. Negative test results do not rule out this disease, however, and a treatment trial may be warranted (especially as the clinical signs associated with demodicosis caused by D. gatoi can mimic allergic disease and self-inflicted alopecia). Examination and diagnostic testing of other cats in the household may be warranted, even if the cats are not showing clinical signs. TreatmentLocalized demodicosis caused by D. cati may be self-limiting and resolve spontaneously.6 In general, cats respond well to treatment, which can include lime sulfur dip, ear medications containing pyrethrin, or amitraz (1:9) in mineral oil.3 Along with miticidal therapy for generalized demodicosis, treatment for any underlying conditions should be included. Unless the underlying disease is identified and managed, demodicosis will be difficult to cure. The most commonly recommended therapy is lime sulfur dip. A 2% concentration is applied weekly for a minimum of 6 weeks.4 Treatment should be continued until 2 negative skin scrapings taken 4 to 6 weeks apart are obtained (D. cati). With D. gatoi infestation, all cats in the household should be treated. The affected cat(s) should be reevaluated after the third dip; if significant improvement is noted, treatment should be continued for another 3 to 5 dips. If this treatment is to be used at home, owners should be informed of product drawbacks (BOX 1). The following treatment options have been used in cases of D. cati infestation. However, use of these products is considered off-label, and more information is needed to understand their efficacy. Cats given these treatments should be monitored closely for adverse effects.
For cats with D. gatoi, besides the recommended lime sulfur dip, the following treatment options have been used. However, such use is considered off-label, and more information is needed to understand their efficacy. Cats given these treatments should be monitored closely for adverse effects, and all in-contact cats should be treated.
It is important to rule out other feline dermatoses that involve excessive grooming as a clinical sign, such as flea bite hypersensitivity, notoedric mange, atopy, food hypersensitivity, and psychogenic alopecia.3 A therapeutic trial for demodicosis may be performed before more aggressive diagnostic testing for these other dermatoses. Typically, if demodicosis is present, a positive response will be seen after 3 treatments. |
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