Volume 70, December 2020, 101788  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101788Get rights and content Approximately 40% −3 billion people- mostly from low and middle income countries still rely on traditional biomass (including charcoal, fuelwood, crop residues and dung) to meet their cooking and heating needs [1], [2]. The use of traditional biomass is associated with a significant negative effect on public health, with an estimated 4.3 million global deaths directly associated with indoor air pollution [3]. The damaging respiratory effects of such domestic cooking and heating practices are felt disproportionally by women and children, whose typical household roles increase their relative exposure to harmful pollutants [4]. Indeed, research indicates that indoor air pollution is the single largest environmental risk factor for female mortality and the leading cause of death of children under the age of five [5]. In addition, indoor air pollution is also the eighth-leading contributor to the overall global disease burden causing respiratory and cardiovascular damage as well as tuberculosis and cancer [6]. The environmental effects in terms of deforestation are also significant, as noted by Bailis et al. [7], wood-fuels present society with two important links between local and global impacts. First, incomplete combustion releases pollutants that not only damage health but also warm the atmosphere. And second, unsustainable harvesting practices drives forests’ degradation and climate change. In short, we argue that the importance to accelerate the uptake of improve cookstoves (ICS) relies on three key elements; their potential to improve users’ health and household’s economic situation whilst decreasing environmental impacts. Despite efforts over recent decades on the part of governments and development partners to shift people away from traditional biomass for cooking, we are yet to see a large-scale transition to cleaner cookstoves and fuels [8], [9]. Indeed, current analyses suggest that without a substantial change in policy, the total number of people relying on traditional biomass will remain largely unchanged by 2030 [10]. Households that adopt ICS often continue to use existing stoves (known as fuel or stove ‘stacking’) to meet diverse cooking needs and address deficiencies in stove characteristics [11], [12]. Abandoning ICS and reverting to traditional cookstoves undermines key health and other benefits [13]. in this context, behaviour change interventions have been found to be effective means to achieve changes at individual, community and population levels [8], [14], [15], [16]. However, there is a research gap in understanding how user-based and socio-cultural influences on cooking practice [17], [18], [19] interact with existing services and technologies to influence ICS uptake and sustained use [20], [21]. Therefore, this review looks at the sociocultural and behavioural dimensions of the adoption and sustained use of ICS, aligning with the call from Sovacool [22] for more human centred research methods in the energy arena. Shifting our focus to behaviour, from about 2011 onwards, research on behaviour change related to ICS adoption increased due to renewed policy attention on the issue of household air pollution and inefficient cookstoves, along with the emergence of the Global Alliance for Clean Cooking (now renamed the Clean Cooking Alliance). Prior, there was more focus on technical efficiency to reduce the environmental effects of inefficient stoves, with less attention given to the contextual factors influencing households’ adoption of the technologies [8]. By emphasising the importance of demand side factors alongside supply side and the enabling environment for ICS, the strategy of the Clean Cooking Alliance represented a paradigm shift in how to scale up adoption of ICS [1]. Years later, in 2014, Goodwin and colleagues published a systematic review of the use of BC approaches in cookstove interventions globally. This study found that there was a predominance of BC interventions geared towards three behaviour change techniques (BCTs), namely: Reward and Threat, Shaping Knowledge and Social Support [15], with little evidence of interventions targeting other BCTs. Given that Goodwin’s review was conducted in 2013, we were interested to know whether the uptake of BC approaches has expanded over time with the increased funding and policy attention targeting consumer and demand side aspects of ICS adoption from 2011 onwards. Thus, the main objective of the review was to understand the use of BCTs and behaviour change frameworks for supporting ICS adoption between 2013 and 2020. In this sense, our paper is structured as follows. In chapter 2 we provide a short background on behaviour change techniques in the context of ICS interventions, followed by chapter 3, where the authors introduce the background and aims of the review. In chapters 4–5 we present our research methods and results respectively. In chapter 6, the authors centre on the findings of this research to later discuss gaps and limitations of the study. In the penultimate chapter, we provide a number of recommendations for ICS implementers and researchers considering applying behaviour change frameworks to inform intervention design and evaluation. We finally present our conclusions in chapter 9. For the purpose of this review, we define a behaviour change technique (BCT) as the “active component within a clean cooking intervention that helps produce behaviour change to improvement to human health and /or environmental impact [15]”. Behaviour change techniques conceptualised as building blocks of behaviour change interventions are a core element of the Behaviour Change Wheel framework, developed by Michie et al. [23]. In this framework, capability, opportunity, and motivation interact Given that the majority of studies show that implementors have failed to adequately identify, investigate and address behaviours associated with the continued use of polluting stoves in tandem with using cleaner cooking devices [13], [25], this literature review had two main aims. First, to identify BCTs that are used in interventions aiming to support ICS adoption in the literature 2013–2020. And second, to understand the extent to which behaviour change frameworks and models are used to We conducted a literature review since we agree with [30], [31], [32], [33] that this method enhances evidence for policy analysis by providing a comprehensive, unbiased and replicable summary of the state of knowledge. In addition, this approach ought to improve transparency about implemented methods and allow research designs to be replicated [30]. For this paper, we used the search terms applied by Goodwin et al, [15] which in turn, had been generated from earlier systematic reviews within In this section we present a number of frameworks used to design and evaluate behaviour change strategies in ICS interventions. Community Readiness Model (CRM): Clark et al., [35] integrated the CR model proposed by Edwards et al., [37], Kakefuda et al., [38] and Stallones et al., [38] into a proposed community-engagement research framework - also integrating methods from environmental epidemiology --to augment and measure health-related cookstove interventions. The CR model combines Table 4, below, presents the papers included in this review along with the behaviour change activity implemented. As illustrated below, Rewards and threats, Shaping Knowledge and Social Support are all common interventions used the post-2013 academic literature. Our review found that Reward and Threat, Shaping Knowledge and Social Support were the most consistently applied BC approaches. However, these are often used in tandem, thus, making it hard to separate the impacts of one strategy over the other. Our results indicate that finance related issues, remain a key barrier for the widespread adoption of ICS [20], [36], [51], [59]. Indeed, research indicates, that poverty could be among the largest obstacles for initial cookstove adoption [75]. Therefore, we recommend that at least during the initial stages, financial support must be provided so as to encourage potential users to adopt technologies and ease liquidity constrains. However, to ensure maintained use of ICS we suggest that financial Our study reviewed peer reviewed, published academic articles from 2013 to 2020. We found 40 papers aiming to update the literature in BCT and to suggest improvements in designing these techniques. This review found that the most used behavioural change techniques are: 1. Shaping Knowledge; 2. Reward and Threat, 3. Social Support and 4- Goals, Planning and Monitoring. From the evidence collected, we suggest that a behaviour change framework appropriate to the clean cookstove sector should The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. We would like to express our heartfelt thanks for the life and work of our colleague and friend, Neela Matin, who died before this manuscript could be accepted.
So-called “slum-dwellers” living in informal settlements in Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) often confront poor health outcomes, face chronic accommodation insecurity and are frequent victims of social intolerance, discrimination and racism. In addition, they usually reside in living environments with precariously hazardous conditions that often lead to their well-being endangerment. Based on extensive original research with slum-dwellers from the MCMA including focus groups (N = 18 participants), household interviews (N = 51 participants), and site visits (N = 5), this study investigates their energy and housing needs, transport and mobility patterns and challenges to their overall quality of life and health. The MCMA is one of the largest metropolitan regions globally, and most of its inhabitants experience a “double energy vulnerability,” circumstances whereby people are at an intensified risk of energy and transport poverty simultaneously. Our investigation circles around three key themes. In exploring the subject of extreme poverty and vulnerability, we show not only the problems they confront but also illegal practices such as electricity thefts and coping strategies. In investigating the subject of perpetual peripheralization, we show troubling patterns of discrimination, racism and social intolerance. In exploring the subject of spatial justice, we suggest a set of policies that ought to help achieve it. About 6.7% of global greenhouse gas emissions is caused by household cooking activities and thus it is of significance to identify research gaps between current studies and future directions in the context of carbon neutrality. To this end, the Latent Dirichlet Allocation topic model is used to review a total of 1440 household cooking studies from international journals written in English between 1983 and 2021. The textual mining technique helps to identify 20 topics in machine-learning sense, involving 8 research disciplines. In addition to energy field, household cooking is most relevant to disciplines of Multidisciplinary, Clinical Medicine, Chemistry, Economics and Business, and Geosciences. Energy ladder hypothesis and energy poverty are the most prevalent topics and asymmetric dependence relationships are unveiled among the 20 topics. Almost all cooking topics focus on health risk elimination and the transition to cleaner fuels while the target of carbon neutrality has not been adequately considered. The practical cooking fuel transition pathway, health co-benefits, impacts of the shift in cooking methods and practice on cultural diversity and human society driven by carbon neutrality constitute potential research directions. The machine-learning literature review research framework used in the study can be generalized in era of big data. Drawing on village-based data from Nepal, this paper explores the transferability of the Integrated Behavioural Model for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (IBM-WASH) to the clean cooking sector and its potential to elucidate how barriers to improved cookstove adoption and sustained use intersect at different scales. The paper also explores the potential of IBM-WASH, behaviour settings theory and domestication analysis to collectively inform effective behaviour change techniques and interventions that promote both adoption and sustained use of health-promoting technologies. Information on cookstove use in the community since 2012 enables valuable insights to be gained on how kitchen settings and associated cooking behaviour were re-configured as homes and stoves were re-built following the April 2015 earthquake. The methodological approach comprised of semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, direct observation and household surveys. The findings indicated that the IBM-WASH framework translated well to the improved cookstove sector, capturing key influences on clean cooking transitions across the model's three dimensions (context, psychosocial and technology) at all five levels. Understandings gained from utilising IBM-WASH were enhanced – especially at the individual and habitual levels – by domestication analysis and settings theory which elucidated how different cooking technologies were incorporated (or not) within physical structures, everyday lives and routine behaviour. The paper concludes that this combination of approaches has potential applicability for initiatives seeking to promote improved environmental health at community-wide scales. To address the need for improved access to energy and meet the United Nations Clean Energy Challenge (2019), humanitarian agencies require robust, valid, and meaningful data that documents the everyday energy practices of displaced people. Collecting data through sensor monitoring is one way of providing quality energy data that will aid humanitarian actors in designing and delivering sustainable affordable energy solutions. Using the case of the design and deployment of 20 stove use monitors (SUM) in Kigeme refugee camp in Rwanda, this paper discusses the benefits and limitations of collecting data on cookstove usage using wireless sensors in refugee settlements., Central to the discussion is the value of reflexivity or critical reflection to uncover significant knowledge gaps that can apply more generally to the problem of designing and deploying sensor systems for the displaced setting. If sensor monitoring systems are to collect data that aid appropriate energy planning and support technology development in the humanitarian sector, we contend improvements in sensor design and deployment protocols are needed to accommodate the displaced setting's cultural, economic, and political complexity. These improvements include the uptake of sensor monitoring design that embeds ethical, progressive, and inclusive protocols when working in the displaced setting. 2·6 billion people rely on solid fuels for cooking or heating. Accelerating access to cleaner solutions is crucial to reduce the negative effects of solid fuel use. Despite abundant evidence on how to implement these solutions, previous attempts have been disappointing. An overview of the evidence is missing and the translation of the evidence into practice is poor. We conducted an umbrella review using eight databases to: consolidate evidence on the factors that influence the implementation of improved solid fuel cookstoves and clean fuels in low-income and middle-income countries; weigh the level of confidence in existing evidence; and develop two practical implementation strategy tools. We identified 31 relevant reviews (13 systematic reviews and 18 narrative reviews) that covered over 479 primary studies. We found 15 implementation factors supported by the highest level of evidence. Regarding improved solid fuel cookstoves, these factors included: cost; knowledge and beliefs about the innovation; and compatibility. For clean fuels these factors included: cost; knowledge and beliefs about the innovation; and external policy and incentives. The factors were synthesised into the Cleaner Cookstove Implementation Tool and the Clean Fuel Implementation Tool. These tools can be used to optimise the implementation of cleaner cooking solutions, thereby improving health, environmental, climate, and gender equity outcomes. Our planet is currently in the midst of a global humanitarian crisis. Yet, there is a widening gap between over 80 million displaced people and the political will to meet their needs. Improving energy access in the displaced setting to build capacity and resilience requires meaningful integration of the needs of communities throughout the design, delivery and evaluation process within the socio-technical energy system. This paper aims to explore the ways in which co-design is conceptualised and applied, from an interdisciplinary perspective, within the socio-technical framing. We do this by first conducting a rapid review of relevant co-design literature to understand theories, typologies and identify methods of best co-design practice in the Humanitarian Energy sector. Second, we present the Humanitarian Engineering and Energy for Displacement project as a co-design case study for Humanitarian Energy using Technology Implementation Model for Energy (TIME) as a framework for analysis. Our rapid review resulted in the typology of the Spectrum of Co-Design, a mapping of differing conceptualisations of co-design showing their positioning and interactions. Our results show that by exploring if and how conceptual frameworks, such as TIME, adds value to practitioner orientated humanitarian programming this can make a significant contribution to future proofing energy systems that seek to deliver inclusive, sustainable and just transitions. We highlight specific learnings from HEED around the disconnection between perceptions of key stakeholder roles, misunderstandings of energy access and use, and building trusting partnerships through the creation of meaningful rectification pathways. Over the past decade, large-scale coal production and exportation has become an important activity for Colombia's economy. However, this sector is now facing a range of domestic and international social and economic pressures. This article seeks to fill what appears to be a shared gap in the energy transition and natural resource governance research fields: the ways through which incumbent actors of the fossil fuel regime respond to socio-economic pressures and actively resist change. Based on a case study on large-scale coal production in Colombia, we analyze incumbent actors' discursive, instrumental and institutional political strategies to maintain the status quo and shed light on their preliminary intended and unexpected results. We find that although instrumental strategies continue to be important, discursive ones aiming at influencing public narratives have gained increased ground within companies and government´s officials. Yet, new contention strategies do not seem to guarantee incumbents structural power and paradoxically could hinder their already eroded legitimacy. Southern Amazonia has been the center of a large expansion of cropland and cattle production through land use change in both Amazon and Cerrado biomes. While this expansion has had noted impacts on the regional water cycle, little information is currently apparent in life cycle impact assessments of both cropland and cattle products. This study applies existing models to quantify the mid-point impacts of water consumption and land occupation of cropland and cattle following distinct production systems that rely on agricultural extensification and intensification (cropland irrigation, and increased pasture productivity). We focus on both terrestrial and aquatic flows to highlight complementarity in current impact assessment models, expressed through the following impact categories: Water Scarcity Footprint, Terrestrial Green Water Flows, Precipitation Reduction Potential, River Blue Water Production, Groundwater Recharge Potential, and Runoff Reduction Potential (introduced here). Results show conditional changes in magnitude and sign of potential impacts when comparing rain-fed to irrigated cropland, particularly in the Cerrado biome. Cropland irrigation can increase atmospheric and terrestrial water flows as expressed through Precipitation Reduction Potential (−95 m3 ha−1), River Blue Water Production (299 m3 ha−1), or Groundwater Recharge Potential (215 m3 ha−1). Moreover, increased pasture productivity led to an overall decrease in mid-point impacts of cattle production on the water cycle. While this study provides additional insight into the effects of cropland and cattle production systems in Southern Amazonia, our results also highlight the complementarity of existing mid-point impacts towards a better representation of freshwater use in life cycle assessment. Human health burdens associated with long-term exposure to particulate matter (PM) are substantial. The metrics currently recommended by the World Health Organization for quantification of long-term health-relevant PM are the annual average PM10 and PM2.5 mass concentrations, with no low concentration threshold. However, within an annual average, there is substantial variation in the composition of PM associated with different sources. To inform effective mitigation strategies, therefore, it is necessary to quantify the conditions that contribute to annual average PM10 and PM2.5 (rather than just short-term episodic concentrations). PM10, PM2.5, and speciated water-soluble inorganic, carbonaceous, heavy metal and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon components are concurrently measured at the two UK European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) ‘supersites’ at Harwell (SE England) and Auchencorth Moss (SE Scotland). In this work, statistical analyses of these measurements are integrated with air-mass back trajectory data to characterise the ‘chemical climate’ associated with the long-term health-relevant PM metrics at these sites. Specifically, the contributions from different PM concentrations, months, components and geographic regions are detailed. The analyses at these sites provide policy-relevant conclusions on mitigation of (i) long-term health-relevant PM in the spatial domain for which these sites are representative, and (ii) the contribution of regional background PM to long-term health-relevant PM. At Harwell the mean (± 1 sd) 2010–2013 annual average concentrations were PM10 = 16.4 ± 1.4 μg m− 3 and PM2.5 = 11.9 ± 1.1 μg m− 3 and at Auchencorth PM10 = 7.4 ± 0.4 μg m− 3 and PM2.5 = 4.1 ± 0.2 μg m− 3. The chemical climate state at each site showed that frequent, moderate hourly PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations (defined as approximately 5–15 μg m− 3 for PM10 and PM2.5 at Harwell and 5–10 μg m− 3 for PM10 at Auchencorth) determined the magnitude of annual average PM10 and PM2.5 to a greater extent than the relatively infrequent high, episodic PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations. These moderate PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were derived across the range of chemical components, seasons and air-mass pathways, in contrast to the highest PM concentrations which tended to associate with specific conditions. For example, the largest contribution to moderate PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations – the secondary inorganic aerosol components, specifically NO3− – were accumulated during the arrival of trajectories traversing the spectrum of marine, UK, and continental Europe areas. Mitigation of the long-term health-relevant PM impact in the regions characterised by these two sites requires multilateral action, across species (and hence source sectors), both nationally and internationally; there is no dominant determinant of the long-term PM metrics to target. Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) often lack the necessary tools, guidance, and capacity for compiling an emission inventory (EI) for air pollutants. A reliable EI is an important prerequisite for the identification of key emissions sources, as an input to modelling atmospheric transport and impacts of air pollutants, and the identification of appropriate mitigation policies. The publicly-available Global Atmospheric Pollution Forum Emission Inventory (GAPF-EI) tool meets the need of LMICs for a user-friendly tool allowing in-country practitioners to compile their own EIs. The species covered are SO2, NOX, CO, NMVOC, CH4, NH3, PM10, PM 2.5, black carbon, organic carbon and CO2. Output from the tool can therefore support the development of integrated air quality and climate change mitigation strategies. This tool incorporates default emission factors and inventory methods conforming with internationally recognised approaches. The GAPF-EI tool enables emissions to be estimated for technologies or practices that are often of little or no relevance to developed countries, but may represent key sources in LMICs. This paper describes the GAPF-EI tool and its application to Côte d’Ivoire where emissions from traditional biomass cookstoves, vegetation fires, traditional charcoal manufacture, road transport (including dust from unpaved roads) and open burning of municipal solid waste were found to be particularly important components of the inventory. The application of the GAPF-EI approach to Côte d’Ivoire has demonstrated its utility in addressing sources of particular relevance to LMICs in addition to providing a user-friendly, transparent and flexible EI preparation tool. The use of transboundary conservation as tools for improving interstate relations has become a widely supported initiative in nature conservation. The rationale follows the environmental peacemaking hypothesis, which argues that seemingly neutral environmental issues can provide a sound basis for cooperation between states. The paper investigates the hypothesis’ premise through the case of International System of Protected Areas for Peace (Si-A-Paz), a transboundary protected area shared by Costa Rica and Nicaragua. In recent years, both countries have been involved in a number of border conflicts within Si-A-Paz and linked to the use of the San Juan River, contested land areas, and oil resources. The case of Si-A-Paz shows that transboundary environmental issues can provide arguments for maintaining or even strengthening conflicts rather than fostering peace between states. The case also shows the emergence of environmental issues as a new arena for geopolitical play, where actors not only justify their actions through an environmental discourse but also, the environmental discourse is stretched to include a variety of issues through which actors can obtain international support. The events in Nicaragua and Costa Rica raise questions about the role of transboundary conservation as a peacebuilding tool. Evidence-informed decision-making aims to deliver effective actions informed by the best available evidence. Given the large quantity of primary literature, and time constraints faced by policy-makers and practitioners, well-conducted evidence reviews can provide a valuable resource to support decision-making. However, previous research suggests that some evidence reviews may not be sufficiently reliable to inform decisions in the environmental sector due to low standards of conduct and reporting. While some evidence reviews are of high reliability, there is currently no way for policy-makers and practitioners to quickly and easily find them among the many lower reliability ones. Alongside this lack of transparency, there is little incentive or support for review authors, editors and peer-reviewers to improve reliability. To address these issues, we introduce a new online, freely available and first-of-its-kind evidence service: the Collaboration for Environmental Evidence Database of Evidence Reviews (CEEDER: www.environmentalevidence.org/ceeder). CEEDER aims to transform communication of evidence review reliability to researchers, policy-makers and practitioners through independent assessment of key aspects of the conduct, reporting and data limitations of available evidence reviews claiming to assess environmental impacts or the effectiveness of interventions relevant to policy and practice. At the same time, CEEDER will provide support to improve the standards of future evidence reviews and support evidence translation and knowledge mobilisation to help inform environmental decision-making. |
In what way would the widespread adoption of clean cookstoves address the global environmental issues discussed in this chapter?
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