Skill:
• Calculation of magnification and the actual size of structures shown in drawings or micrographs
Calculation of Magnification:
To calculate the linear magnification of a drawing or image, the following equation should be used:
- Magnification = Image size (with ruler) ÷ Actual size (according to scale bar)
Calculation of Actual Size:
To calculate the actual size of a magnified specimen, the equation is simply rearranged:
- Actual Size = Image size (with ruler) ÷ Magnification
Skill:
• Use of a light microscope to investigate the structure of cells and tissues, with drawings of cells
Light microscopes use visible light and a combination of lenses to magnify images of mounted specimens
- Living specimens can be viewed in their natural colour, although stains may be applied to resolve specific structures
When attempting to draw microscopic structures, the following conventions should be followed:
- A title should be included to identify the specimen (e.g. name of organism, tissue or cell)
- A magnification or scale should be included to indicate relative size
- Identifiable structures should be clearly labelled (drawings should only reflect what is seen, not idealised versions)
Summary of Visible Cell Features under Light Microscopy
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Compound light microscopes magnify objects by using a system of lenses and a light source. They are commonly employed to research bacteria, single cells, and various cell components. You will need to know the power of the ocular and objective lenses to figure out how much your microscope can magnify. The ocular lens is set up in the eyepiece, and objective lenses are universal across all microscopes. 1-4 objective lenses are frequently found on a revolving wheel above the platform on compound microscopes. The overall magnification is calculated by multiplying the ocular and objective lens powers.
How to Calculate the Magnification of a Microscope?
Check for the magnification power of the ocular lens. You can find it marked on the outside of the eyepiece, otherwise, you can look in the manual. The ocular lens usually magnifies 10 times. Next, look for the magnification capacity of your objective lens. You can find this on the side of the lens, or the manual can help. Traditionally the value can vary among 4x, 10x, 40x, 100x.
As the objective lens is the first one to magnify, it is located on a rotating wheel just above the stage where you place the specimen slide. The budget-friendly microscopes might come with only one lens, but the quality ones generally provide you the benefit to adjust among three to four lenses. Microscopes India is the best place to buy microscopes in India.
The total magnification of a microscope = magnification power of the ocular lens x magnification power of the objective lens.
Considering an objective lens of power 40x and the fact that the ocular lens generally magnifies up to 10 times, the total magnification would be 400x. The total magnification a compound light microscope can provide is 1000x.
How to Calculate Field of View Microscope?
For calculating the field of view, find out the magnification power and the field number of the lens you are using. Dividing the field number by the magnification power gives you the diameter of the microscope’s field of view.
The microscope itself tells you every detail you require. When you check the eyepiece, you will see a sequence of numbers labeled in the form 10x/22 or 30x/18. These numbers imply the magnification power and the field number, respectively. You will also require the magnification power of the objective lens located at the bottom of the microscope. They usually mark this as 4, 10, 40, or 100 times.
Once you have all the information about eyepiece magnification, field number, and objective lens magnification sorted, it becomes easier to calculate the microscope’s field of view. Divide the field number by the magnification number. For instance, if the eyepiece is labeled as 30x/18, then 18 ÷ 30 = 0.6, meaning that the diameter of for is 0.6 millimeters.
For microscopes that only have an eyepiece, this will be enough. But having an objective lens as well makes the calculation harder. You must multiply the eyepiece magnification with the objective magnification and then divide the field number. If the eyepiece states 10x/18 and the magnification of the objective lens is 40, then the total magnification will be 10 x 40 = 400. After 18 ÷ 400, the diameter comes to 0.045 millimeters. To convert the measurements from millimeters to micrometers, divide the diameter by 1000.
Why Is It Important to Calculate the Diameter of the Field When First Using the Microscope?
The field diameter is the viewing area of the lens of the microscope. It is the only number of millimeters or micrometers of the area that you can see. By measuring the field diameter, you can calculate the real size of the objects that are too small to measure.
Determining the Best Microscope for Laboratory Use
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Microscope Type
What will make your choice easy is determining the kind and size of the specimen you will be studying.
Compound Microscope
The word “microscope” automatically takes our brains to compound microscopes. The specimens can be placed on slides, zoomed in for higher magnifications and tiny specimens become easier to study. Biological microscopes are often used to observe specimens of cells and organisms found in pond water. The metallurgical microscopes are great to study cross-sections of circuit boards and polarizing microscopes are built to study thin sections of rock.
Stereo Microscope
These are used to study objects that have a decent size such as leaves, flowers, insects, gems, rocks, etc. Stereo microscopes allow moderate magnification and are easy to handle. Production facilities often pick up these kinds of microscopes and even manufacturing plants that need to go through immediate inspection. Students are handed stereo microscopes when they are just starting out.
Digital Microscope
It is the new age microscope with a camera and eyepiece attached to the microscope head. The view through the lens is projected on an HDMI screen or a pc monitor. You get high-quality images of slides as well as a larger specimen.
Microscope Lighting
Lighting plays an important role to make the microscope portable for field research. It must concentrate on the specimen to study the details appropriately. There are both top and bottom illumination available for some microscopes but in general, the light is located at the bottom. There are microscopes built with cool led lighting, keeping in mind that overheating might damage sensitive slides.
To achieve a greater magnification of an object you must check that the working distance is large. The working distance of a microscope is the gap between the slide and the bottom of the microscope lens. On increasing the magnification, the walking distance reduces. This makes it hard to work under the microscope. There are some special microscopes that are designed to provide extended working distances so that the zooming range is not compromised.
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